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Abstract@#Malaria is an ancient disease caused by parasites of the genus <i>Plasmodium</i> and transmitted by several species of female anopheline mosquitoes. The term „malaria‟ originates from <i>mal’aria</i> (Italian) –signifying „bad air‟ or miasmas arising from marshes. </br> Cognizant of the burden of the disease in antiquity, several efforts have been made to understand the disease notably, the detection of the <i>Plasmodium</i> parasite in the blood of infected humans in 1880, as well as proof of the complete life cycle of malaria parasites in mosquitoes in 1897. </br> Among 200 <i>Plasmodium</i> species identified <i>P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi </i>are known to be responsible for human malaria, while mortality due to malaria is mostly attributed to infections with <i>P. falciparum.</i></br> The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito bites a human and injects sporozoite forms. These move to the liver and invade hepatocytes, in which they develop to produce exoerythrocytic merozoite forms that are released into the blood stream. Merozoites invade erythrocytes and grow into trophozoites and mature schizonts. Merozoites are released that reinvade new erythrocytes.</br> Gametocytes, formed from the asexual blood stage, are taken up by a feeding mosquito into the gut where they mature to form male and female gametes. The fertilized zygote develops to an ookinete and an oocyst and finally sporozoites that migrate to the salivary glands.</br> Malaria transmission exits in 99 countries throughout world, and the greater burden of the disease is carried by African countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the estimated cases of and deaths due to malaria in 2016 were 219 million and 660,000, respectively with malaria deaths steadily decreasing since 1980. Despite the decline in the burden of malaria with the scaling-up of interventions the fact that the estimated (uncertainty exists) number of malaria deaths in 2016 exceeded that of 1980 calls for more efforts in the prevention and control of the disease.</br> Mongolian troops have been participating at UN mission since 2003. They work very complicated condition. One of the simple risks is Malaria. We had approximately 80 cases who had been infected by malaria at the mission area. </br> Mongolia is land without malaria infection. But our tourists can visit all of the world and troops works on mission area in Africa. They have a risk of malaria and our doctors have to be diagnosis and treat to malaria cases. This article provides an overview of malaria laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological data that will lead to the development of strategies to diagnose and reduce infection.
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Background@#Cigarette smoking is known to reduce appetite and body weight. This effect is mainly mediated by nicotine. Quit smoking without nicotine replacement therapy often result in increased body weight. Even though number of studies explored different levels of effects of smoking, there are few studies which address short-term effect of smoking on metabolism. @*Aim@#To study short-term effect of smoking on appetite, body weight and blood glucose level of mice (Experimental animal) @*Objectives@#</br> - To study effect of smoking on appetite</br> - To study effect of smoking on body weight</br> - To study effect of smoking on blood glucose and anxiety@*Methods@#Inbred strain, Balb/c mice (n=20) were used. Mice were divided into two groups control (n=7) and treatment (n=9) group. Smoking treatment conducted in 5 days consequently in treatment group, three times a day with cigarette smoke. During experiment both control and treatment groups were monitored for food intake, water intake, body weight. In the end of the experiment blood glucose and anxiety levels were measured. In addition, liver, white adipose tissue and brown adipose issue were sampled comparison.@*Results@#Short-term (5 days) treatment of smoking of treatment group result in significant difference in food and water intake (p<0.05) as well as tendency to lowering blood glucose and reduction of mesenterial, perirenal, epidydimal, white adipose tissues and brown adipose revealed tendency to reduction of mesenterial white adipose with control group. (Mes. White adipose tissue weights 0.44g in control group, 0.23g in treatment group). There was not significant difference in blood glucose test and anxiety test evaluated by time spent on alleys and transition between alleys in two groups.@*Conclusion@#</br> 1. Cigarette smoking significantly reduced food and water intake in mice (or experimental animal).</br> 2. Smoking didn’t affect body weight, but inhibited normal body weight gain.</br> 3. Short-term treatment of smoking was not enough to change blood glucose level and anxiety behavior of mice.
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Medicinal leech /Hirudo medicinalis/ secretes 150 over bioactive substances from savilary gland, which are hirudin, hialuronidasa, bdellin, eglin, destabilasa, lipase, cholesterol esterase. Medicinal leech’s therapeutic effect is anticoagulant, antiplatelet, anti-ischemic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic and thrombolytic. In Mongolia, medicinal leech therapy’s research is rare.The study was designed as selective sampling and clinical trial study. From June 1st between September 1st in 2016, there were enrolled 30 patients with diagnosis of arterial hypertension stage I at “Piyavka” hospital in Hentii province. Patients were used by method of Medicinal leech therapeutic of the Russian Federation in 2011. Blood samples were used SD LipidoCare analyser, Stago Compact automatic coagulation analyzer. Fibrinogen, Activated partial thromboplastin time, Thrombin time, Prothrombin time, International normalized ratio and Blood lipids level were checked before and after treatment. A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. 16 were females, 14 were males and the mean age was 59.13±11.62. Activated partial thromboplastin time was before 37.97 ±5.62 sec and after 45.94±6.05 sec therapy of leeches. Thrombin time was before 17.59 ±1.66 sec and after 19.53±1.38 sec therapy of leeches. As patients who was increased from normal lipid level in blood before leech therapy, Total cholesterol was before 220.63±14.51 mg/dl, after 204.63±13.64 mg/ dl therapy of leeches. Triglyceride level was before 253.69±71.99 mg/dl, after 184.12±61.73 mg/ dl therapy of leeches. Mean of Activated partial thromboplastin time, Thrombin time were prolonged with statistically significant after treatment (p=0.0001). As patients who was increased from normal lipid level in blood before leech therapy, Total cholesterol (p=0.031), Triglyceride (p=0.0003) were decreased with statistically significant by therapy of leeches.
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes vaginitis and cervicitis in women and asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis in men. Mast cells have been reported to be predominant in the vaginal smears and vaginal walls of patients infected with T. vaginalis. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activated by various stimuli also regulate the transcriptional activity of various cytokine genes in the mast cells. Because of their essential role in intracellular signaling network, also appropriate targets for pharmacological treatment of inflammatory disorders.Cultivation of T.vaginalis and HMC-1 line, preparation of TvSP, to check intracellular ROS level and degranulation by FACS, to determine phosphorylation of MAPK and p47phox by immunobloting.In this study, we investigated whether MAPK were involved ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 induced by T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP). We first examined that TvSP could induce activation of MAPK and NADPH oxidase in HMC-1 cells. Stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of MAPK and p47phox in HMC-1 cells. Phosphorylation of p47phox is main source of ROS generation. Next, to determine involvement activation of MAPK in ROS generation and degranulation in HMC-1 cells induced by TvSP. ROS generation is required for exocytotic degranulation of mast cells induced by TvSP. Stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of p47phox, ROSgeneration, and surface up-regulation of CD63 in human mast cells. CD63 is a marker for exocytosis. Pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors strongly inhibited TvSP-induced ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation.Our results suggest that TvSP could induce intracellular ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 via MAPK signaling pathway.
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Medicinal leech /Hirudo medicinalis/ secretes 150 over bioactive substances from savilary gland, which are hirudin, hialuronidasa, bdellin, eglin, destabilasa, lipase, cholesterol esterase. Medicinal leech’s therapeutic effect is anticoagulant, antiplatelet, anti-ischemic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic and thrombolytic. In Mongolia, medicinal leech therapy’s research is rare. The study was designed as selective sampling and clinical trial study. From June 1st between September 1st in 2016, there were enrolled 30 patients with diagnosis of arterial hypertension stage I at “Piyavka” hospital in Hentii province. Patients were used by method of Medicinal leech therapeutic of the Russian Federation in 2011. Blood samples were used SD LipidoCare analyser, Stago Compact automatic coagulation analyzer. Fibrinogen, Activated partial thromboplastin time, Thrombin time, Prothrombin time, International normalized ratio and Blood lipids level were checked before and after treatment. A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. 16 were females, 14 were males and the mean age was 59.13±11.62. Activated partial thromboplastin time was before 37.97 ±5.62 sec and after 45.94±6.05 sec therapy of leeches. Thrombin time was before 17.59 ±1.66 sec and after 19.53±1.38 sec therapy of leeches. As patients who was increased from normal lipid level in blood before leech therapy, Total cholesterol was before 220.63±14.51 mg/dl, after 204.63±13.64 mg/ dl therapy of leeches. Triglyceride level was before 253.69±71.99 mg/dl, after 184.12±61.73 mg/ dl therapy of leeches. Mean of Activated partial thromboplastin time, Thrombin time were prolonged with statistically significant after treatment (p=0.0001). As patients who was increased from normal lipid level in blood before leech therapy, Total cholesterol (p=0.031), Triglyceride (p=0.0003) were decreased with statistically significant by therapy of leeches.
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Urticaria affects 15–25% of the population once in their lifetime. Also 0.5-1% of the population suffers from the idiopathic chronic urticaria. More than 80% of chronic urticaria is idiopathic. 24% of the world’s population are infected with soil-transmitted helminth infections worldwide. Toxocara canis is associated with urticaria. To determine T.canis IgG antibody in patients with idiopathic chronic urticaria. Materials and methods: The study was a case-control study. There were enrolled 40 patientswith confirmed diagnosis of idiopathic chronic urticaria (ICU) at National Dermatology Center and 60 controls without any skin diseases between the ages 12-64 years. Blood samples were tested using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for the detection of IgG specific antibodies to T.canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigens (Ridascreen® toxocara IgG).15% of urticaria patients were male, 85% were female and the mean age was 34,50±14,36. 18.3% of healthy control groups were male, 81.7% were female and the mean age was 39,77±11,24. 32.5% (13/40) of patients presenting with ICU had positive results to TES-ELISA. About control group: 5% (3/60) were positive TES-ELISA serology result. The pet-keeping history gave the following results: 48% of urticaria patients and 55% of control patients were in possession of dog; this difference was no significant (p>0.1). Our data show that T.canis is one of the etiologic factor in patients with ICU (p=0.001, OR (95% CI)=9.148 (2.404-34.808). The analysis of risk factors evidenced that the presence of dogs within the houses and household location showed no significant association with T.canis infection (p>0.1).
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Background:Echinococcosis is from animals to humans and cause cestode zoonoses. Genetic variations within of echonoccocus and their genotypes may cause a disease as well as can indicate transmission dynamics to human and pets. At present, there are no available data for the typing of echinococcosis isolated in MongoliaMaterials and Methods:A total of 50 human hydatid samples from collected from State Centre on Maternal and Child Health, Oncology Centre of Mongolia. All samples were examined by PCR using cox1. The PCR products with a molecular size of 578 bp were amplified from human hydatid samples. Also we used RFLP method.Results:Genotype and strains of E. multilocularis and Е. granulosus were identified by RFLP. PCR products were digested using Ssp I, Hind III, Bgl II endonucleases. PCR products were digested by Ssp I endonuclease we found E. multilocularis. PCR products were digested by Bgl II endonuclease. Two major bands were seen in human hydatid sample. The bands have molecular weight of 420 and 158 bp respectively. It was infected by E. granulosus G6. Digestion with Hind III revealed two major bands within samples from human hydatids. These bands have molecular weight of 168, 410 bp respectively. These samples were infected by E. granulosus G1. Most of E. granulosus materials obtained from human patients by surgery confirmed the presence of sheep strain G1 (Bowles and McManus, 1993 a & c). In 24 cases of human hydatid echinococcosis in Mongolia sheep strain was found to be infective to humans.Conclusions:1. Echinococcosis caused by E. granulosus, E. multilocularis in human.2. G1, G6 genotypes of E. granulosus found in human hydatids.