AN ANALYSIS OF VARIATIONS OF THE BRONCHO-VASCULAR PATTERNS OF THE RIGHT MIDDLE LOBE IN FIFTY CHINESE LUNGS / 解剖学报

The middle lobe of the right lungs of 50 Chinese adults were dissected. Their shape, broncho-vascular pattern and interrelationship were studied. A superior angle, hitherto not mentioned in the literature, was identified in 76% of the specimens. In the lungs studied, 84% of the bronchus of the middle lobe bifurcated into a lateral and a medial segmental bronchus, 12% bifurcated into a superior and an inferior segmental bronchus, and in 4% trifurcated into three bronchi. Surface representation of the segmental bronchi of the right middle lobes was examined. The arterial supply of the middle lobe varied from one to three branches. 76% of the cases were supplied by two arteries. The arterial patterns of the middle lobe have been grouped into four types. The middle lobe was usually drained by one to four veins, 56% of the specimens being with only one vein. According to the tributaries of the veins, four types of venous pattern were recognized, most of them (80%) being emptied into the superior pulmonary vein. In 80% of our specimens, an intersegmental vein has been identified. There are only 24% of our specimens in which the vascular pattern was in accordance with that of the bronchial tree.

THE VESSELS OF THE SKIN FLAPS AT GROIN REGION——1. THE MACRO-MICRO-ANATOMY OF THE SUPERFICIAL CIRCUMFLEX ILIAC VESSELS / 解剖学报

In many textbooks and literatures the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) is generally described, but only its superficial main branch (SMB) is referred, Its deep main branch (DMB) is always neglected, though it is present constantly. In 56％ of fifty cases we studied the SCIA trunk possesses both these main branches.The SMB is present in 86％ of the cases studied. After it originates from the trunk, it usually emerges promptly from the back of deep fascia into the subcutaneous layer. The points of emergence were found in an area around a center located 15 mm lateral and 10 mm below the origin of femoral artery. The course of the SMB can be marked as a line which located between a point 15 mm below the origin of femoral artery and anterior superior iliac spine. The SMB supplies an area along the lateral half of inguinal ligament, and its terminal branch usually turns upwards to the lateral portion of the abdominal wall.The DMB is a constant branch in our cases. It runs parallel to and 15mm beow the inguinal ligament, It supplies the upper lateral portion of the thigh, and its terminal branch usually turns downwards and laterally into the superficial layer of the gluteal region. The site where the DMB penetrates the deep fascia was found in an area around a center located 20 mm below the anterior superior iliac spine.The caliber of each of the two main branches is intimately correlated with the size of the skin which supplies. The course of the(SCIV)is similar to one of the main branches of the SCIA or runs between them (70％) The axes, thickness, size of the groin skin flaps were discussed.

THE VESSELS OF THE SKIN FLAPS AT GROIN REGION Ⅲ. THE MACRO-MICRO-ANATOMY OF THE SUPERFICIAL EXTERNAL PUDENDAL VESSELS / 解剖学报

In 82% of fifty groin regions of the cadavers studied, the superficial external pudendal artery (SEPA) possesses an upper and a lower main branches (UMB, LowMB). In 66% of them, the two main branches come from one common trunk and in the rest, they arise independently. Most of the SEPA trunks or main branches arise from the femoral artery. The penetrating points of the SEPA trunk or main branches through the cribriform fascia are located at the medial or lateral margin of the terminal end of the great saphenous vein around a center 10 mm medial and 50 mm distal to the origin of femoral artery. If the SEPA trunk or main branches are crossing the great saphenous vein, it is frequently found that the SEPA trunk and LowMB are crossing behind but the UMB in front of it.The UMB supplies the suprapubic, prepubic and medial part of the inguinal regions. A line which connects a point 50 mm distal to the origin of femoral artery with the pubic tubercle is suggested as the axis of UMB free skin flap. The LowMB supplies the upper part of anterior medial femoral and prepubic regions. A line which is parallel to the pubic crest and 50 mm distal to the origin of femoral artery is suggested as the axis of LowMB free skin flap. The caliber of each of the two main branches is intimately correladed with the area of the skin which they supplied.In 82% of cases, two sets of superficial veins are not present. These superficial external pudendal veins are also the accompanying veins of the corresponding arteries.The advantages of using these vessels as skin flap pedical vessels were discussed.

MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN FIBULA / 解剖学报

1000 fibulae of Chinese adults were observed and measured. It was found that the angle between the capital articular surface and the long axis of fibula is positively correlated with the circumference of the fibula. In 84.3% among the 1000 specimens, the body of the fibula posesses four borders and four surfaces. It would be more rational, if the nomination of these surfaces were based on their muscle attachments.The average maximum length of the fibula is 340.42?22.76 mm, the smallest circumference is 33.68?4.40 mm, the middle circumference is 39.52?4.99 mm. The caliber index, middle caliber index and the diaphyseal index were calculated respectively. The results obtained show that the side difference as a whole was statistically insignificant, but the diameter at the middle part is an exception. In the paired bones, there are more cases with larger circumference and diameter at the middle on the right side than on the left.According to our observations, some of the relationships between the morphology and function of the fibula were discussed.

THE VESSELS OF THE SKIN FLAPS AT GROIN REGION 2. THE MACRO-MICROANATOMY OF THE SUPERFICIAL EPIGASTRIC VESSELS / 解剖学报

In many textbooks and literature, the course and distribution of the superficial epigastric artery (SEA) was described as a single vessel corresponding to the medial main branch (MMB) in our series, the lateral main branch (LMB) was always neglected. In 20% of fifty cases we observed, the SEA possesses a trunk which divides into two main branches.The LMB is present in 66%. It enters the superficial fascia by passing through the fascia lata. The penetrating points of the LMB are found mostly around a center 5 mm lateral and 15 mm distal to the origin of the femoral artery. It ascends along a vertical line 10 mm lateral to the origin of the femoral artery, and supplies the lateral part of the middle portion of the lower abdomen at that side.The MMB is present in 68%. It enters the superficial fascia by passing through the fossa ovalis. The penetrating points of the MMB are found mostly around a center 25 mm distal to the origin of the femoral artery. It ascends along a vertical line 10mm medial to the origin of the femoral artery, and supplies the medial half of lower abdomen at that side.The caliber of each main branch is intimately correlated with the area of the skin it supplies. The axis, depth, distribution of the SEA or its main branches as vessels of the skin flaps at groin region has been discussed.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE BRONCHOVASCULAR PATTERN OF THE LEFT LOWER LOBE IN FIFTY LUNGS OF THE CHINESE / 解剖学报

The distribution and arrangement of the segmental bronchi and blood vessels of the left lower lobe have been studied in fifty Chinese adult cadavers by the same methods as we did in the other four lobes.The bronchus of the left lower lobe usually divided into four segmental bronchi,namely the apical (B~6), the antero-medial basal (B~(7+8)), lateral basal (B~9), and the posterior basal (B~(10)). Occasionally, an extra one, the subapical bronchus (B~*), has been identified in 14% of the specimens in this series.The prevailing pattern (48%) of the branching of the apical bronchus is a bifurcation having the formula "B~6b, B~6a+c". The basal trunk bronchus frequently divides into two stems--commonly B~(7+8) and B~(9+10) (60%). The status of the medial basal bronchus in the left lower lobe has been discussed.Same reason as we have discussed in the bronchial pattern of the right lower lobe, the BX~*(9) and BX~*(10) of the lower lobe should be considered as a posterior ramus of B~9 and B~(10) respectively. The posterior ramus of the lateral basal bronchus (B~9c) has been found in 64% of the specimens, and that of the posterior basal (B~(10)c) in 88%. The distributive extents of the basal segmental bronchus of the left lower lobe, seems to present a tendency of more or less counterclockwise rotation, in contrast with the right lower lobe.In one-fourth of thespecimens, the mode of the branching of the basal artery ismuch more complicated than that of the basal ronchus. The prevailing pattern of thebranches of the apical segmental artery corresponds to the bronchial pattern having theformula "A~6b, A~6a+c" (30%). Similar to the basal trunk, A~(7+8) and A~(9+10) are the chiefpatterns (34%) of the branching of the basal artery. The subapical arteries (A~*) arefound in 14%; it may originate from the lateral basal artery (6%) or the posteriorbasal artery of the superior ramus of the anterior-basal subsegmental artery. Of specialinterest are the two specimens in which A~(10) is displaced upward and arises in commonwith A~6. Such an arrangement is clinically significant.The veins of the left lower lobe coincide with those of the other four lobes, mostof them are located between segments or subsegments. The venous pattern of the leftlower lobe resembles that of the right lower lobe, the left pulmonary vein received V~6and the common basal vein. The common basal veins receives two main tributaries, thesuperior and the inferior basal vein. The former is commonly formed by V~(7+8)a+V~9 and the latter by V~(10). Such instance is present in 36% of the specimens.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATIONS OF THE BRONCHOVASCULAR PATTERNS OF THE LEFT UPPER LOBE IN FIFTY CHINESE LUNGS / 解剖学报

The origin,arrangement and distribution of the segmental bronchi,arteries and veins of the left upper lobe of lungs have been studied in 50 adult cadavers. The prevailing picture of the bronchi,seen in 96% of the specimens,is the bifurcated type.The superior trunks of the left upper bronchi are mostly found to be divided into an apico-posterior and an anterior segmental bronchi.The patterns of the apico-posterior segmental bronchi,seen in 68% of the specimens,are found to be B~(1+3)a and B~(1+3)b. Many of the anterior segmental bronchi,occuried in about 48%,are usually found to be splitted;and these splittings look much like to be the results of shifting of B~2a.How- ever little variations are found in the lingular trunk and its two segments. The arteries supplying the left upper lobe vary in numbers from 2 to 6;but mostly 3 or 4 branches are seen and this occurs in about 82%.The first branch of them usually goes to the anterior segment,but sometimes it may go to both the anterior and the apico-posterior segments (all together in 76%).Nearly 60% of arteries supplying the anterior segment arise from the anterior part,and about 40% of them from both the anterior and the posterior parts.The majority of arteries,nearly 80%,supplying the lingular segment,arises from the posterior part;10% from the anterior;and another 10% from both the anterior and posterior parts.The level of origin of these lingular segmental arteries is usually lower than or the same as that of the apical segmental ar- teries.All together,80% are found.A great number of arteries passing through the different segments in the left upper lobe have also been recognized in 94% of the cadavers. The veins draining from the left upper lobe usually form 3 trunks,occuring in about 60%.The common picture of the apico-posterior segmental veins are found be- longing to type Ⅱ(48%). In short,many variations are found in the arteries,less so in the veins and only a few in the bronchi of the left upper lobe.As to the number,arrangement,and more distributions of the branches of the arteries,veins and bronchi,variations are seen in the apico-posterior segment,less in the anterior segment and few in the lingular seg- ment.

AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE ARTERIES ON CROSS SECTIONS OF THE HAND WITH MICRO-COMPUTERIZED THREEDIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION / 解剖学报

The arteries of thirty human adult upper extremities, injected with red lead oxide, were treated with angiography, sectional dissection and photography. A microcomputer was used to determine the positions of the vessels and reconstruct the arterial system of the hand.The arteries of the palm are arranged in 2 or 3 layers. The area of three layers were only observed in the middle portion of the palm. The divisions of the territories of the radial and ulnar arteries are not the same in different layers. The anastomotic branches in the palmo-dorsal direction are usually observed in the third, fifth and seventh sections. There are three chief anastomotic channels between the radial and ulnar arteries in the palm, i.e. the deep palmar arch, the superficial palmar arch and a third pathway. The patterns of the blood supply in the palm and its clinical significance have also been discussed.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIGITAL TYPES IN CHINESE / 解剖学报

The variations of the distal extent of fingers were observed on 700 Chinese youths, male and female were in equal numbers. The relative lengths of the ring finger and index finger could be classified into three types. Type Ⅰ, the index was longer than the ring finger in 13.9%; type Ⅱ, the ring finger was longer than the index in 78.8%; type Ⅲ, the ring finger was of equal length with the index in 7.4%. The higher percentage of longer index was found in females than in males. Comparison was made with the reports from some other countries, and the characteristic of the longer index was found more prominent in Canadian and American males than in Chinese and Japanese males. The distance from the tip of the index or ring finger, to the level which crosses the tip of middle finger was measured. The results coincide with the above observations. Regarding the observations on the little finger, there was significant difference between males and females. The short little fingers occurred in greater numbers (74.9%) in females than in males. In comparison with the results from H. Blincoe, short little finger seems to be a physical characteristic of the Chinese females. Concerning the conditions of the relative lengths of the index, ring, and little fingers on both hands, the absolute symmetry was present in 58.3%, and complete asymmetry in only 4.6%. The incomplete symmetry and asymmetry were found to be present in 22.7% and 14.4% respectively, and significant difference was noted between males and females.