ABSTRACT
Introduction: Patient education is one of the important aspects of nursing care and is among nursing key roles in delivery of health services
Objective: This study aimed to determine the barriers to patient education from nurses' viewpoint employed in educational hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional and descriptiveanalytical study in which 162 nursing personnel were selected by stratified-random sampling method. In order to perform the sampling according to the population of each hospital, the numbers of samples were determined. Data were collected with a two-part questionnaire. First part contained personal and demographic information such as age, sex, marital status, education and working experience. The second part included 19 questions on patient education barriers which evaluated four domains of working conditions, management, nursing attitude and training skills. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square statistical test. Answers were designed based on a Likert scale from low to average and high impact with scores of 1-3, respectively. In management domain, the scores ranged from 6 to 18. Scores less than 10 showed "low impact", 10 to 14 "average impact" and more than 14 "high impact". In the domain of working conditions, similar scores were obtained. The findings displayed that nurses' attitude ranged from 2 to 6 scores. Scores less than 3 showed "low impact", 3-4.5 "average impact" and more than 4.5 "high impact". In domain of training skills, scores ranged from 5 to 15. Scores less than 8 indicated "low impact", 8 to 11.5 "average impact" and more than 11.5 "high impact". The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd
Results: In this study, 149 of the 162 questionnaires were answered indicating92% response rate. The data showed that 45.2% of male nurses and 47.3% of female nurses blamed working condition barriers with highest impact on the implementation of patient education. Moreover, 45.8% of single and 47.5% of married nurses had the same opinion. Chi-square test found no significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, working experience, employment status, marital status, and educational level with patient education barriers [P>/=0.05]. The data showed that 31.5% of nurses believed that barriers related to management had the greatest impact on the implementation of patient education followed by 47.7% barriers to working condition, 2.7% attitude of nurses and 14.1% training skills. Chi-square test showed a significant correlation between the domains of working condition and type of hospital [P=0.048]. Working condition was proved as the most important factor. Management was the second factor followed by training skills as the third. Finally, attitude of nurses was identified as the least important patient education barrier. The results of the present study revealed three factors with highest impact as education barriers in nurses' opinion; high working load [74.5%], insufficient nursing stuff in wards [71.8%] and nursing shifts in a row [70.4%] in working condition domain. The study population reported three factors with lowest impact; training as a specific task assigned for doctors [54.4%], lack of nurses 'self-confidence for training [43.5%] and not delivering the trainings to patients [40.3%]
Conclusion: In attention to that the domain of nurses working conditions had the greatest impact on the education of the patients, it is recommended that official authorities to maintain nursing resource in hospitals and reduce their workload and provide facilities and conditions for educational programs to encourage nurses to consider this important issue
ABSTRACT
Assure universal bonding resin is marketed with fluoride releasing potential. The manufacturer claims that it provides adequate bond strength between the bracket and amalgam and porcelain. This study compared the shear bond strength of Transbond XT and Assure universal bonding resin to stainless steel brackets, amalgam and porcelain in vitro. In this vitro study, 20 standard brackets of the maxillary central incisors, 20 feldspathic porcelain specimens and 20 self-cure acrylic cavities filled with amalgam were divided into 2 groups bonded with Transbond XT, and Assure. After surface preparation in each group, Transbond XT composite was applied to the surfaces using silicon tubes and light-cured for 20 seconds. Then, the microshear bond strength was determined using Zwick Roell machine. The data were subjected to two-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, Student's t-test and the Kruskal Wallis test. Different microshear bond strengths were obtained for the bond to stainless steel brackets, amalgam and porcelain by Transbond XT and Assure resin [p<0.000]. Using Assure for bonding to amalgam [7.2 +/- 1.46 vs. 10.12 +/- 4.97] and brackets [16.14 +/- 3.2 vs. 20.16 +/- 5.12; p<0.05] decreased microshear bond strength. However, Assure significantly increased the bond strength to porcelain compared to Transbond XT [28.84 +/- 6.42 vs. 22.48 +/- 3.6; p<0.01]. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in adhesive remnant index [ARI] between the two bonding agents only in the amalgam group [p=0.029]. Although the bond strength values of Assure were less than those of Transbond XT, Assure was able to create sufficient bond strength especially to porcelain
Subject(s)
Dental Bonding , Resin Cements , Dental Cements , Compomers , Stainless Steel , Orthodontic Brackets , Dental Amalgam , Dental PorcelainABSTRACT
Preventing enamel demineralization around brackets is a concern for orthodontists. Fluoride releasing materials have been recommended to overcome this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating nanohydroxyapatite [NHA] into resin modified glass ionomer cements [RMGIC] on ceramic bracket debonding. In this experimental study, 80 human premolars were divided into 4 bonding groups as follows: group 1: Transbond XT [TBXT] [control group], group 2: Fuji II LC [RMGIC], group 3: 5% NHA added to RMGIC and group 4 10% NHA added to RMGIC. After enamel etching, ceramic brackets were bonded. The shear bond strength [SBS] and the adhesive remnant index [ARI] were calculated for each group. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc HSD test and the Kruskal Wallis test. According to ANOVA, 10% NHA added to RMGIC had a significantly lower SBS compared to other groups [11.93 +/- 2.11] but no significant difference was found among the remaining groups. The mean SBS was 17.33 +/- 4.07 MPa in group 1, 17.22 +/- 3.55 MPa in group 2 and 16.56 +/- 2.59 MPa in group 3. According to ARI, the predominant failure mode in RMGIC groups was cohesive. Resin modified glass ionomer cements containing 5% NHA can be as effective as composite resins for bonding ceramic brackets
ABSTRACT
Severe mandibular deficiency may result in reduced oropharyngeal airway [OAW] dimensions and predispose patients to respiratory dysfunctions such as obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of functional treatment on anteroposterior and vertical dimensions of airway in skeletal class III patients with mandibular deficiency. This interventional study was done on lateral cephalogerams of 25 mandibular deficient patients with average 9.9 years of age who were treated with modified activator appliance. Digitized cephalograms were traced and analyzed by ViewBox version 3,1,1,3 cephalometric software. Paired t-test was performed to evaluate pre- and post-treatment data. Skeletal sagittal discrepancy was improved with decreasing ANB angle from 6.68 ° to 4.48° and increasing SNB angle from 74.48 ° to 76.78 ° [p<0.001]. Anteriorposterior dimensions of nasopharynx were increased from 19.64 to 21.52 mm [P=0/021], Anterior-posterior dimensions oforopharynx increased in AW2 and AW4 [p<0/05] but in AW3 increasing fromll.26 to 12.27 mm was not statistical significant [p=0.091]. Anterior-posterior dimensions of hypopharynx increased from 16.54 to 19.22 mm [p<0/001]. Vertical dimension of airway increased from 60.73 to 64.79 mm [p<0/05]. Treatment of mandibular deficient patients with functional appliances improved mandibular position as well as airway dimensions
ABSTRACT
The aim of this in vitro study was to compare shear bond strength of metal brackets bonded to dental porcelain on the basis of presence or absence of silane, type of acid [hydrofluoric acid [HF] or phosphoric acid [H3PO4]] and roughness of porcelain surface [glazed or deglazed] within mouth-like environment. Eighty glazed ceramic disks were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 disks: group 1 [HF+silane], group 2 [deglazed+HF+silane], group 3 [HF], group 4 [deglazed+HF], group 5 [H3PO4+silane], group 6 [deglazed+H3PO4+silane], group 7 [H3PO4], group 8 [deglazed+H3PO4]. Then the brackets were bonded and thermocycled. After that, shear bond strength test was done using the Zwick device and the type of bond failure was determined under stereomicroscope at 4X magnification. 3-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were used for statistical analyses. The shear bond strength for the test groups were as follows: group [1]:13.05 +/- 7.7 MPa, group [2]:25.16 +/- 10.66 MPa, group [3]:6.7 +/- 5.86 MPa, group [4]:15.39 +/- 8.97 MPa, group [5]:12.76 +/- 7.91 MPa, group [6]:13.57 +/- 7.85 MPa, group [7]:0.54 +/- 0.67 MPa, group [8]: 9.34 +/- 6.52 MPa. The type of bond failure in all groups was adhesive failure except for group 2. No significant difference in the interaction between [glazed or deglazed], [presence or absence of silane], and type of acid was found [P>0.05]. Under the conditions of this study, the best clinical method was the use of 37% phosphoric acid and silane that resulted in the optimal clinical strength and adhesive bond failure
ABSTRACT
Previous studies showed that Ankle Brachial Index [ABI] score less than 0.9 increases probability of ischemic heart disease up to 2 times, risk of TIA/ stroke to quadruple, and asymptomatic carotid and popliteal artery stenosis to one and half fold. ABI <0.9 is related with diffuse atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to review ABI findings in patients with cerebral artery disease. This cross-sectional descriptive study was done on 98 patients with thrombotic cerebrovascular accident in Yazd Shahid Sadughi Hospital, between February 2001 and February 2002. A questionnaire including demographic, clinical, and paraclinical data was completed and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables. Forty four percent of the patients were men. Mean age was 73/1 +/- 1/5. ABI<0.9 was seen in 15% of the cases. In patients older than 65 years old ABI<0.9 frequency rate was 12.5% and in patients younger that 65 year old it was 3.1%. There was no significant difference between ABI<0.9 and history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and ischemic heart disease. ABI<0.9 was prominently seen in patients with hyperlipidemia [P<0.05]. ABI<0.9 was seen in older ages, hypertensive, smoker, and CAD patients more than the others [P>0.07]. Because of lack of samples in the present study, authors suggest a study with a larger sample group
ABSTRACT
To determine the distribution of oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear nerve palsies in diabetic patients with ocular nerve palsy. This study was performed on all diabetic patients who referred to ophthalmology and neurology clinics at Yazd Medical Science University because of ocular palsy from March 2004 to October 2005. Signs and symptoms of the disorder were evaluated. Palsies included oculomotor palsy in 51/2%, trochlear palsy in 24.4%, abducens palsy in 19.5%, and simultaneous palsies in 4.9%. The most common symptoms were diplopia [85.4%], abnormal head posture [63.4%], blurred or disturbed vision [9.8%] and other problems [12.2%]. The most common signs were exotropia [36.6%], hypertropia [24.4%], esotropia [19.5%] and mixed type deviations [19.5%]. The study revealed that more than half of diabetic ocular palsies are due to oculomotor palsy and the main symptom in these patients is diplopia
Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus , Abducens Nerve Diseases , Trochlear Nerve Diseases , Diplopia , Vision Disorders , Exotropia , Strabismus , EsotropiaABSTRACT
In his paper, the author tries to deal with one of the most controversial ethical problems of the modern time from a moral point of view; abortion. Is abortion moral? and can it be justified in any situation? Or it cannot be justified in any case? There are four main ethical approaches to abortion: First, a conservative approach, second, a liberal, third, a moderate, and fourth, a feministic one. None of these approaches seem to be able to justify various kinds of abortion. We need to deal with every case separately and try to assess its morality. Accepting this view, the author tries to face abortion due to rape and he argues that this kind of abortion may rest its reasons on four principles: Autonomy, justice principles, self-defense, and the responsibility of society toward the pregnant woman as a victim of violence and rape. According to these principles, if a woman is raped and becomes pregnant, it is her personal choice to continue her pregnancy or abort it. Then the author goes into some jurisprudential details from an Islamic perspective and tries to defend his position by citing some famous Islamic legal decisions, or [Fatwa]s