[ viewpoints of dental students of Shiraz toward the amount of their achievement to learning objectives in different courses of orthodontics]

Evaluation is an ongoing process which contemplates students' recognition, their learning promotion, and the necessary changes for achieving educational objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the capabilities of dental students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences through determining their viewpoints toward the amount of their achievement to learning objectives of practical and theoretical courses of orthodontics in academic year of 2007-2008. In this descriptive cross-sectional study performed in academic year of 2007-2008, 122 dental students [86 female and 36 male] passing the courses of theoretical orthodontics [1, 2, and 3] and practical orthodontics [1, 2, 3, and 4] were selected as study sample. Questionnaires were developed for each one of the orthodontics courses and delivered to the students. At the end, each score given to the ability mentioned in the questionnaire by the students themselves was calculated based on total score of one hundred. The data was analyzed based on descriptive statistics indices including mean, standard deviation, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey HSD. The mean of students' agreement for ability to achieve the objectives of the courses of theoretical orthodontics 1, 2, and 3 were 76.6, 72.6, and 76.8 respectively [out of total score of one hundred]. For the courses of practical orthodontics 1, 2, 3, and 4 they were 77.6, 70.8, 75.8, and 68.4, respectively. The courses of theoretical orthodontics 3 and practical orthodontics 1 had the best agreement in achievement ability and the courses of theoretical orthodontics 2 and practical orthodontics 4 had the lowest agreement in achievement ability according to the students' viewpoints. From the students' viewpoints, their ability in achieving educational objectives of orthodontics is desirable. Even though, revealing the weakness and the strength points of them in each of orthodontics courses, it seems that there is a need to revise and modify the educational program of this part

Endotracheal-endobronchial metastases: report of 14 cases

Endotracheal-Endobronchial Metastases [EEM] secondary to extrapulmonary neoplasm are rare. Since 1989 we have encountered 14 patients with EEM. EEM were defined as documented extra pulmonary neoplasm metastatic to subsegmental or more proximal central bronchi in a bronchoscopically visible range. The developmental modes were described on the basis of classifying categories of Kiryu. The primary tumors included breast cancer [4 cases including 3 women, 1 man], colorectal carcinoma 1, renal cell carcinoma 1, embryonal cell carcinoma of testis1, uterine cervix carcinoma 2, melanoma 1, osteogenic sarcoma 2, papillary thyroid carcinoma 1 and prostatic sarcoma 1. The chest roentgenographic findings were: collapse 5, parenchyma mass 5, multiple nodule 2 and hilar enlargement 2. Median interval from diagnosis of primary tumor was 39.5 months. Endobronchial lesions were detected by bronchoscopy and their metastatic nature was confirmed histopathologically in all patients. Six patients were treated with external radiotherapy, while 6 patients had chemotherapy and 2 patients underwent surgical resection of metastasis. The cases we have reported are similar to those found in the literature, regarding their clinical and roentgenographic presentation. Local treatment is effective for palliating symptoms. All patients with extra pulmonary malignant tumor who are suspected to have pulmonary metastasis should undergo bronchoscopy to diagnose end bronchial metastasis and to differentiate it from primary lung cancer

[The role of tracheal stenting in the alternative treatment of tracheal stenosis]

Tracheal stenosis due to trauma, tracheal infections, and malignant tracheal tumors and after long standing intubation is seen. Most researchers think that resection and anastomosis of trachea is the best treatment of tracheal stenosis in most times, and the best results are obtained when performed by a skilled surgeon. But the important complication of tracheal surgery is post-operative tracheal stenosis which leads to some limits in reoperations. The role of stenting in treatment of tracheal stenosis is as alternative treatment in patients who are not compatible with major operations and the first treatment in patients with tracheal malignancies along with involvement of near elements or distant metastasis that are not operable. The goal of this research is the study of results of stenting in Tehran Valiasr hospital between October 2002 till September 2004. This is a prospective research that is about the results of tracheal stenting in patients with inoperable tracheal malignancy, non tumoral stenosis [after long standing intubation], complication of surgery or inability to stand a major operation. Stent insertion was done by rigid bronchoscopy and use of silicon stent [polyflex with introducer system]. 12 patients with stents [10 due to benign lesion and 2 due to malignancy] have been worked up for at least 6 months and at most one year. Average age of patients was 30 [least 13 and most 53]. 9 patients were affected to stenosis after longstanding intubation due to various causes of [45.4%] and one case, stenosis due to inhalation of chemical gas [8.4%] and two cases [16.6%] due to thyroid tumor invited to trachea and adenocystic tumor of trachea. Stenosis was between 2-5[cm]. Four cases of stenosis were in superior and middle third and four cases in inferior third. The most important indication of stent insertion is the history of multiple tracheal operations. The most common complications of stent insertion is development of granulation tissue [58%] and medium time of lasting stent in place has been 2-6 months. The most common cause of stent removal is also granulation tissue formation [85%].30% of patients with benign disease have been cured with stent insertion and 10% were improved until they could stand a major operation. In malignant condition one patient recovered from death and lived for 3 months and the other patient gained enough time to do radiotherapy. The results of this research revealed that mostly in benign conditions after stent removal, patients showed signs of recurrence which needed another alternative treatment. This problem makes the role of stent insertion questionable in benign conditions. But the use of stent in malignant conditions is indicated when is the only alternative. Treatment and its role are approved and another benefit is that in malignancies the stent removal is not need

Report of two primary mediastinal hydatid cysts and medical literature review

Hydatid disease is common in endemic regions especially our country. As Khorassan is an animal husbandry century hydatic disease is very common in this area. Because the human is an intermediate host prevention of this disease is a primary principal. Surgery is the cardinal management of these cases. Liver and pulmonary involvements are very common. But primary mediastinal involvement is very rare; and only two primary publications and articles confirm this idea. We aimed to study the early diagnosis and management of effects on vital mediastinal organs or involvement of these organs in the rupture of hydatidcyst

[Comparison of tooth size ratios [bolton analysis] among different malocclusion groups]

Introduction: For proper occlusal interdigitation or coordination of arches in the finishing stage of orthodontic treatment with proper overjet and overbite would have been a proper mesiodistal tooth size ratio [Bolton analysis] between maxillary and madibular teeth. The Bolton analysis should be taken into consideration when diagnosing, treatment planning and predicting prognosis in clinical orthodontics. In this study tooth size ratio was evaluated among different malocclusion groups

Materials and Method: This study was carried out on 200 pretreatment orthodontic casts, which were chosen through selective available sampling procedure according to selective criterias. They were classified by the Angle classification, coincided with skeletal categories. Skeletal types were assessed by ANB angle from cephalometric analysis. All the subjects were divided into 4 groups: each group consisted of 25 males and 25 females. These groups were Cl I malocclusion, Cl II Div 1, Cl II Div 2 and Cl III. The greatest mesiodistal diameters of all the teeth on each cast were obtained except the second and third molars. The measurement was done by digital caliper with 0.01 mm accuracy. Then tooth size ratios were analyzed as Bolton described

Results: The main anterior ratio for male patients was larger than that of female patients in all groups [p<0.05], while there was no significant sexual dimorphism for overall and posterior ratios between the groups. The mean of the anterior ratio of Cl III patients was shown to be more than Cl II Div 1 amd Cl II Div 2. No statistical difference was found between Cl III and Cl I patients. Posterior and overall ratios of Cl III patients were larger than other groups. The mean overall ratio of Cl I patients was larger than Cl II Div 1, but it had no significant difference with Cl II Div 2 group

Conclusion: This study suggests that the tooth size discrepancy between the maxillary and mandibular teeth may be one of the important factors in the cause of malocclusions, especially in Cl III malocclusion

[ study of dental anomalies in patients with cleft lip and/or palate in few dental clinics of Shiraz in 1383]

Statement of Problem: The most prevalent congenital disorder related to palate and lip is clefting. In these patients, the prevalence of dental and skeletal anomalies is more than normal individuals affecting both permanent and milk teeth and is different in different populations due to racial differences

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the prevalence of dental abnormalities in patients with cleft lip and/or palate

Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, dental casts, lateral cephalograms, panoramic [O.P.G] and periapical [P.A] radiographs and photographs of 51 patients with cleft lip and/or palate were obtained to determine the prevalence of dental anomalies. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and the normal and cleft side were compared using Binominal and t-tests

Results: The cleft occurrence was more frequent in males [56.9%] than females [45.1%] while unilateral cleft was more on the left side [47.1%] than the right side [33.4%]. The most dental anomaly was tooth missing [70.6%]. The upper lateral incisor in the cleft side was more susceptible to dental missing abnormalities. The incidence of dental abnormalities was greater in the cleft side than the noncleft side

Conclusion: Comparing the results of this study to other similar studies, it seems that cleft lip and/or palate patients show similar pattern on the prevalence of the various dental anomalies excluding racial differences