[Factors affecting the development of evidence-based health policy papers at the Ministry of Health Care and Medical Education]

Introduction: successful reduction in the gap between applied knowledge and pure knowledge, depends on the identification of factors affecting it .The objective of the study was to identify the barriers and facilitators to the development of evidence-based papers from the perspective of their producers at the Ministry of Health Care and Medical Education headquarter office

Methods: qualitative approach and framework analysis were used in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of producers of evidence-based policy papers. MAXQDA10 Software was used to applying the codes and managing the data

Results: three themes of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs and 18 subthemes were identified. Behavioral beliefs included: knowledge and innovation, quality of policy papers, use of resources, contextualization and time-consuming; normative beliefs consisted of policymakers, policy authorities, policy administrators, and co-workers; and control beliefs involved: access to evidence, recruitment policy, management and policy stability, performance management, empowerment, policy making process, physical environment, and competing factors

Conclusion: most of the barriers were related to control beliefs. This finding corresponds to 85/15 rule in TQM [Total Quality Management]. This theory-based study identified the factors influencing the development of evidence-based policy papers in terms of all the components of theory of planned behavior, but the factors identified in the exploratory studies were related to one component of the theory. This finding advocates the theoretical approach to identify affecting factors on a behavior

[Evaluation of L-Carnitine effect on the testis tissue of mature Exposed with Cadmium]

The evaluation of L-Carnitine effect on the testis tissue of mature rats exposed to Cadmium This research was carried out on 30 mature male rats, weighting about 180-240gr. Animals were divided into five groups. The first group [control group] received nothing. The second group [distilled water.0.3rn1] third group [L-Carnitine. 500 mglkg Body Weight] fourth group [Cadmium, lmg-kg B.W] and for the fifth group [L-Carnitine 500 mg/kg B.W and Cadmium 1mg/kg B.W] were injected intraperitoneally for 16 days at an interval of 48h between subsequent treatments. Animals were sacrificed on day 17 after the first treatment. For the evaluation of the sperm count the right cauda epididymis was removed and immidiately imrnei-sede into lOmI of the FIBSS. For the histological evaluation, the right testis was submerged into the 10% formaline. with innnuno-liistocheinical [Ki-67] staining, the number of ccll proliferation in the seminiferous tubes were evaluated, as well as the testicular histology evaluated by the Johosen Score. Following contamination with Cadmium the rats showed decrease in the number of cuda epididyniss sperm the number of cell proliferation and number of spernmtogenic cells in the seminiferous tubes. In addition L-Carnitine caused increase in the number of cuda epididymis sperm, the number of cell proliferation and number of spermatogenic cells in Cadmium induced group. Reasults demonstrated beneficial effects of L-Carnitine treatment in cadmium toxicity on number of cauda epididymis sperm and testicular tissue

[Effects of soy consumption on serum lipid and apoprotein levels in peritoneal dialysis patients]

Lipid abnormalities, especially high serum Lp[a] concentration, is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases in peritoneal dialysis patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of soy consumption on serum lipid and apoprotein levels in peritoneal dialysis patients. The study was a randomized clinical trial in which 40 peritoneal dialysis patients [20 males and 20 females] were randomly assigned to either a soy or a control diet. The patients in the soy group received 28 g/d textured soy flour [containing 14 g soy protein] for 12 weeks, while the patients in the control group consumed their usual diet without any soy. At the baseline and at the end of the period, from each patient 5 ml blood were collected after a 12- to 14-hour fast and serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoAI, apoB100, Lp[a], TNF-alpha, albumin, and phosphorus measured. The serum Lp[a] concentration in more than 86% of the peritoneal dialysis patients was above the normal range. As compared to the baseline value, the mean serum Lp[a] concentration decreased significantly by 41% [P<0.01] in the soy group at the end of 8-week period, and the reduction was significant as compared to the control group [P<0.05]. The mean serum Lp[a] concentration did not change significantly in the control group. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to mean changes in the serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoB100, apoAI, TNF-alpha, albumin or phosphorus levels. The results of the present study indicate that soy consumption reduces serum Lp[a] concentration considerably in peritoneal dialysis patients. Therefore, it may be effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases in these patients

[ comparison of effects of toluene, especially noise and toluene along with noise per auditory brain stem response on rabbit]

An increase more than definite limit in sound pressure level is harmful for health mean while, organic solvents like toluene are used in industrial processes with noise widely. So, this study was going to investigate the relationship between toluene [1000ppm], noise and toluene along with noise [frequencies 4000 and 8000 Hz] per auditory Brain Stem response [ABR] on rabbits being exposed to these contaminants. This survey was done in experimental method on 48 three months old, male adult white New Zealand rabbits [1800 +/- 200 g body weight], in nine groups which were exposed to toluene [1000 ppm], noise [4000 Hz], 100 dB SPL, combination of toluene and noise conducted using click and tone burst stimuli in 110dB sound pressure level. Then the results of ABR test of groups exposed were analyzed by SPSS software. One-way variance [ANOVA] analysis was used to compare the groups and Turkey test was applied as a post hoc test for comparison among the groups. P values were obtained by Turkey test. t-test was conducted for comparison of ABR test results after and before exposing groups. Differences at the level of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The results of the study showed that Exposing rabbit's to combination of toluene and noise caused hearing impairment in all of frequencies auditory especially in frequencies 250, 500 and 1000Hz. So that, wave five in ABR test [tone burst stimuli] didn't formed in 250-1000 Hz 4.84 +/- 0.07 ms, group exposed to toluene 5.18 +/- 0.07ms, noise group [4000hz] 5.5 +/- 0.07 ms and in combination noise and toluene group [4000Hz] 5.79 +/- 0.07 ms. The mean of latency time of V wave in control was compared to that group noise group P=0.01, toluene group P=0.07 and combination noise and toluene group P=0.0001. According to the result of this study, both toluene and noise exposure caused the rabbits in hearing impairment but combination of toluene and noise exposure in frequencies of 4000Hz and 8000Hz was much worse than hearing impairment. So that, the ABR test on rabbits didn't formed V wave in low frequency

[Social capital and socio-economic development in Tehran's 22 municipal districts]

Theoretical framework section of paper reviewed Theories of Putnam, Colman, Paxton, Portes, lyer et al and development Indicators of Rafiee's research used as development degree criteria in Tehran's 22 municipal districts. The paper discussed about relation of Tehran's 22 municipal districts development and social capital of municipal districts. Sample of this survey selected by PPS method of sampling between over 16 years old with 1759 Individuals. Results of research demonstrated that there are positive significance relations between social capital and its sub indicators as Generalized Trust, Attention, Formal Participations, and Reciprocal Informal Participation with Development degree of municipal districts and a negative significance relation between Informal Religious Participation and Development degree of municipal districts and there is no any relations between Institutional Trust and Charity Informal Participation with Development degree of municipal districts