ABSTRACT
The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in dentists is high although relatively few studies have been conducted in this profession. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms [MSDs] and to assess the risk of these symptoms among general dentists in Shiraz, Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study the Nordic standard questionnaire and questionnaire pertaining to questions about personal and job characteristics were administered to160 general dentists. Furthermore, the pictures of dentists were taken by camera during dental treatment and the most repetitive postures were selected and assessed by Rapid Upper Limb Assessment [RULA] method. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 16.0 software. A large number of dentists [139 subjects] reported MSDs symptoms in at least one region of their musculoskeletal systems during the past 12 months. The most prevalent MSDs symptoms were neck [105 subjects], shoulders [80 subjects], upper back [76 subjects], wrist/hand [63 subjects], and lower back [55 subjects], respectively. A significant difference was observed between men and women only in the wrist/hand [P>0.05]. The results of posture analysis showed that all dentists' postures fell into corrective second and third action levels. The results of this study revealed that the prevalence of MSDs symptoms in dentists was high and MSDs risk levels were intermediate to high. Therefore, it is recommended that in an appropriate training program be contemplated to improve dentists' awareness regarding MSDs symptoms
ABSTRACT
Foot and mouth disease [FMD] is a highly contagious viral disease of ruminant which causes fever and postule on mouth, hoof and teat. The main purpose of this study was to determine and charachtrize isolated FMD virus from Iran between 2005-2006, and to compare it with vaccine virus strains. After preparation of samples, serological test for typing of virus was performed. In order to virus isolation. the samples were inoculated to IBRS2 cell, RT-PCR and PCR were used for sequencing. Two dimentional virus neutralization test was carried out for detecting of immunological relationship [r value] between the field isolate and virus presented in vaccine. Detected strains were as follows: 241 samples of type AO5IR, 125 of type A87IR, 79 of type 0.3 of type Asia and 714 negative out of 1162 samples. Average r-values of type A, 0, Asia field virus with vaccine strains were 50-92% and 97%, respectively. Phylogenic tree was designed according to the nucleic acid sequencing data. There is not strong relationship between field viruses of type A and vaccine viruses. However a strong relationship was shown for type 0 and Asia ones with vaccine virus strains