[Determination of the angle of impacted mandibular third molar]

Impacted molars teeth, especially third molar, are important in most branches of medical sciences. The angular position of molar teeth is in side effects and therapeutic regiment. This study was conducted to determine the angle of the impacted mandibular third molars. This descriptive study was carried out on 429 patients [269 men and 160 women] selected for surgery on impacted mandibular third molar in the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic in Gorgan, Iran during 2010-11. Pre-operative diagnosis was done by physical examination and OPG radiography. Demographic characterstics including age, gender, ethnicity, impaction angle were recorded for each subject. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, independent t-test and chi-square test. Totally, 480 impacted third molars were studied. Mean age of patients was 26.06 +/- 6.21 years. Impaction of the third molar was more prevalent among men [62.7%] than women [38.30%]. Impacted mandibular third molar of 189 people [44.1%] were in left side in 200 people [46.6%] were in right side and in 40 people [9.3%] were bilateral. According to impaction angle, mesioangular [41.7%] and distoangular [3.5%] types had the highest and the lowest frequency, respectively. In bilateral cases, the mesioangular-mesioangular type [48.8%] was the most prevalent. The mesioangular type was the most prevalent in all ethnic groups. The most prevalent angular position of the impacted third molar was the mesioangular type in both sexes. This study showed that the most prevalent angular position of impacted mandibular third molar is the mesioangular type

Hospital pharmacy quality assurance system assessment in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Health system pharmacies, like other health care professional, practice under a number of mandated standards. Basic concepts of quality assurance [QA] standards should be applied to hospital pharmacy practice. The survey reported here is to assess QA system implementation and its standard indicators observation in Tehran University of Medical Sciences [TUMS] hospitals' pharmacies in 2007-2008. A cross - sectional, descriptive analytical survey was accomplished. First, a checklist within the framework of QA standard indicators was made to assess TUMS hospitals pharmacies practice. Collected data was saved by Excel soft-ware for recording and analyzed by SPSS version-15. Observation rate of QA standard indicators was classified by inappropriate, relatively appropriate, and appropriate. Characteristics of TUMS hospitals pharmacists organizational structure, size, equipment, safety facility and drug requirement were studied by QA standard indicators. Many of QA standard indicators are observed and implemented in TUMS hospitals pharmacies, but several of these standards are not observed too. It is appropriate that all TUMS hospitals pharmacies are required to advance the profession, often with the same goal of increasing involvement in direct patient care

[Comparision effectivness of extracts of thyme, yarrow, henna and garlic on cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. major in animal model [BALB/C]]

Leishmaniasis is not as severe as other diseases, often lesions are selfhealing. For various reason as long lasting duration of lesions and treatment, disfiguring scar reminding, secondary infection in lesions, have comfortable treatment method and accessible with less cost, it is necessary various method of treatment with less side effect. The results of previous studies showed that Indoleanalogues, Terpens, Iridoids, Quinones and Alkaloid hemisynthetic derivatives have promising antileishmanial potential. These derivatives were found in Thyme, Henna Yarrow and Garlic. Access to formulation drug without harmful chemical material and without side effect. After Inoculation of parasite in base tail of mice, during of three weeks caused lesions in inoculation place, then animal divided to 9 groups. In this study we used 4 alchoholic extract solution 2 times a day. we checked lesions weekly for six week and meseaured size of lesion in the base of tail with kulis - vernieh. Data of study analyzed with Anova, Paired t test and schefeh. We observed significant difference between mean of lesion in before and after treatment in control, Yarrow [Bomadaran] and Thyme [Avishan] groups [p<0.05]. Paired t test showed that there were not significant difference between mean of lesion in after treatment between groups of treatment and glucantime groups [p>0.05]. Alchoholic extract to Avishan and Boomadaran have good effect on lesions treatment, we suggest that the study could be repeated with Thyme [Avishan] and Yarrow [Bomadaran] extract in gel or cream base in first stage of lesions appearance

Frequency, type and causes of medication errors In student nurses

Medication errors in healthcare environment are considered as a serious threat to patients' health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency, type and causes of medication errors of nursing students. This was a descriptive study conducted in Arak University of Medical Sciences. Seventy six student were selected through census method of sampling. A questionnaire, consisting two sections of demographic information and questions about medication errors, was completed by students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. According to findings, 17.1% of students reported medication errors and 43.42% reported impending medication errors. The most common type of error was wrong dose of medication, the most common cause of which was poor pharmacologic knowledge. Heparin, Dopamin, Dubotamin, Vancomycin, Phenytoin and Captoprile were the most prevailing drugs about which the students reported errors. Results showed that the rate of medication errors in nursing student was high. It seems that some causes of medication errors are related to poor pharmacological knowledge, drug calculation and so on. According to the results, it is imperative to realize the weak points of students or educational program and plan to resolve them

[ comparative study on iron intake in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients with impaired or normal glucose tolerance]

Studies have reported a relationship between serum ferritin and some components of insulin resistance, as well as an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is probable for the dietary content of iron to have an influence on the development of diabetes. In this study, the iron intake in first degree relatives of type2 diabetic patients with normal or impaired glucose tolerance was investigated. Based on the results of OGTT, 210 first degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients were divided into 2 groups with normal and impaired [diabetic, IGT] glucose tolerance. Using a 3-day food questionnaire, the daily intake of energy, red meat, fish and poultry meat, magnesium, iron, zinc and chromium was calculated and compared between the 2 groups. The mean age and BMI were 48.9 +/- 5.2 years and 43.7 +/- 6.7 years [P=0.373] and 29.3 +/- 0.7 kg/m[2] and 28.7 +/- 0.8 kg/m[2] [P=0.654] in impaired and normal groups, respectively. Iron intake was significantly higher in impaired group in comparison with normal subjects. [P=0.015], however, no significant differences were observed between the two groups concerning the intake of other nutrients. Keeping the role of other risk factors in mind, the higher iron intake observed among subjects of the impaired group shows a probable relationship between an increased intake of iron and a higher risk in developing type2 diabetes

[ effects of low doses of diagnostic x-rays on cellular and humoral immunological responses in balb/c mice]

The immunosuppressive effects of high doses of ionizing radiation have long been known. Recently, in human and experimental animal models it has been reported that low dose radiation may have immunostimulatory effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low doses of diagnostic X-ray on cell mediated and humoral immune responses in a Balb/c animal model. In this experimental study, three groups of male Balb/c mice were exposed once, twice and three times to 30 mGy X-ray radiation. Two to 4hrs after the irradiation, the delayed type hypersensitivity [DTH] and humoral responses to sheep red blood cell [SRBC] were measured and compared to the responses of sham and control groups. The mean titer of anti-SRBC antibodies in two-times irradiated [74.66 +/- 26.12] and three-times irradiated [128 +/- 70.1] groups were significantly higher than those of the control [26.66 +/- 8.26] and sham [28.8 +/- 20.86] groups [p<0.001]. However, no significant differences were observed between the mean titer of anti-SRBC antibodies in one-time irradiated [22.4 +/- 8.76] and either control or sham groups. Similarly, comparing DTH responses showed that the differences between either two-times irradiated [12.2 +/- 3.9] or three times-irradiated [6.9 +/- 3.7] and control [4 +/- 0.2] or sham [4.3 +/- 3] groups was statistically significant [p<0.001]. Theses results showed that twice and three-times irradiated mice demonstrated significant stimulatory effects on both DTH and antibody responses. However, one-time irradiated animals did not exhibit any bio-positive effect on DTH and humoral responses. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was observed between the DTH and antibody responses of two-times and three-times irradiated mice

[ relationship between triglyceride level - HDL level - tumor necrosis alpha factor and its soluble receptors with lupus erythematosus activity]

Systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE] is a disease with life-threatening complications. Since evidence indicates that measurement of triglyceride [TG] and HDL levels and tumor necrosis alpha factor [TNF- alpha] and its types I and II soluble receptors plays a major role in evaluation of lupus activity, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the above mentioned factors and lupus activity in Tehran in 2005. In this cross-sectional study fasting blood samples were obtained from 86 SLE patients who had been entered into the study through convenient sampling and the disease activity was calculated using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI]. Scores >/= 6 were considered as active lupus and <6 as dormant lupus. Serum levels of TNF- alpha, sTNFR[1] and sTNFR[2] were measured through ELISA [Bender Medsystem] and blood TG and HDL through routine biochemical tests within 12 hours overnight fasting. The results were analysed by t-test, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation tests. 46 people [53.5%] suffered from dormant disease and 40 people [46.5%] from active disease. TG level had significant relationship with disease activity, sTNFR[2] [P=0.001] and TNF-alpha [P=0/01], while HDL level had inverse significant relationship with SLEDAI [P=0.007], TNF [P=0.01], STNFR1 [P=0.001]. There was no significant relation between TG and HDL with STNFR2. Multiple linear analysis of regression showed that three variables [TG, sTNFR[1] and sTNFR[2]] are maintained in the model for prognosis of the disease while TNF-alpha and HDL are omitted. Dislipoproteinemia [elevated TG and reduced HDL] correlates with SLE activity following an increase in TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors. Thus, serum levels of TG, HDL and TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors are connected with lupus activity and are valuable markers for the disease activity

effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy for the control of weight and fasting blood sugar in the type 2 diabetic patients

Although the short-term benefit of medical nutrition therapy [MNT] on the management of diabetes has been shown by previous studies, long-term efficiency of MNT has not been adequately investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of MNT during a 1-year follow-up period in the type II diabetic patients. In a follow-up study, 163 newly-diagnosed type II diabetic patients received MNT, including the educational materials on calorie, quantity and frequency of food intake, as well as the snacks. Patients were asked to have a second nutritional consulting after 1 month. Body weight, FBS and HbA1c were measured at 3, 6 and 12-month intervals and the results were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. The mean of patients' age was 51.2 +/- 9.3 years. HbA1c, weight and BMI decreased significantly after 3 months of MNT [p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively], followed by continuous but non-significant decrease in the mentioned variables during the next 9 months. Though the weight, BMI, FBS and HbA1c did not decrease significantly beyond 3 months of MNT, but the changes were significant as compared to the beginning of the study. It is probable to enhance the long-term effect of MNT on weight and glycemic control by increasing the number of sessions of nutritional consulting

[Determination of relationship between father's cigarette smokingand sex ratio in children]

Sex ratio is referred to male, female ratio which is usually 1.06. This ratio is decreased during the last few years. One of it's reasons seems to be poisons and environmental pollutions such as cigarette smoke. In this investigation we studied the relationship between father's cigarette smoking and sex ratio in children.This is a historical cohort study. Study population were neonates born in Arak hospitals during summer and autumn 1383. Sample size was determined 710 neonates, based on alpha = 5%, beta = 10%. Sampling method was census in which all newborns with inclusion criteria were selected and questionnaires were filled. Samples were divided into three groups. 1- Newborns with nonsmoker fathers 2- Newborns with smoker fathers [less than 20 cigarettes a day] 3- Newborns with smoker fathers [20 or more cigarettes a day][Father's cigarette smoking at least 3 months before conception in second and third group]. Newborn's sex ratio was determined in each group and caparisoned. Data analysis was done by frequency, ratio, mean and standard deviation indexes and K-S, leven, t, mann-whitney, chi square tests and relative risk, using SPSS software. At all stages of the study Helsinki declaration was regarded.Overall sex ratio was 1.04. This ratio was 1.272 for neonates with nonsmoker fathers and 0.77 for neonates with smoker fathers. Also sex ratio in newborns with smoker fathers using less than 20 cigarettes a day was 0.846 and for those with fathers using 20 or more was 0.60. Based on chi square there was a meaningful relationship between the three groups[p<0.00001]. Relative risk in low cigarette group was 1.23 and in high cigarette group 1.42.Based on findings it seems that father's cigarette smoking near conception results in decreasing sex ratio and the increased use of cigarettes the decreased born of male neonates