ABSTRACT
Laboratory-scale reverse osmosis [RO] studies were carried out to determine feasibility of the process for treatment of Tehran refinery oily wastewater. The effects of transmembrane pressure [TMP], cross flow velocity [CFV], temperature and pH on permeation flux and separation performance of the thin film composite [TFC] polyamide [PA, type UTC-70UB] RO membrane were investigated. At original effluent composition, high rejection of TDS [87.0%], COD [95.0%], BOD5 [95.3%], TOC [90.0%], turbidity [81.8%] and oil and grease content [86.1%] along with complete rejection of color, free oil and TSS were achieved with a reasonably high flux of 50 L/m[2]h. Permeation flux was found to improve with increasing TMP, CFV and temperature at constant feed concentration but rejection decreased slightly. The pH effects were found to be complex; by increasing acidic and basic nature of the feed, permeation flux was found to increase and rejection to reduce. The results showed that, RO is very suitable for treating and recycling refinery oily wastewater effluents. Also, fouling of the membrane completely followed Hermia's model [cake filtration mechanism]
Subject(s)
Osmosis , OilsABSTRACT
Incomplete anesthesia of inflamed teeth is a well known clinical occurrence and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Ibuprofen as a premedication in improving the quality of anesthesia in patients with inflamed teeth pulps. Forty patients with the diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis in one mandibular tooth were selected. Two other teeth in the same quadrant were selected as controls. Electric pulp tester [EPT] was used in this study to evaluate the quality of anesthesia. The subjects were divided into two groups randomly, and after recording of pulp tester response in each group, one of the two drugs; ibuprofen or placebo was administered 1 hour prior to anesthesia injection. After injection, EPT measurement was recorded. The reversed EPT scale was used for evaluation of the depth of anesthesia. Data was analyzed to statistically compare the results before and after anesthesia and drug administration in cases and control group .Significantly lower TSLs were observed in the ibuprofen group [P value= 0.001]. This study concluded that preoperative administration of ibuprofen [if not contraindicated] 1 hour before local anesthesia injection is an effective method for achieving deep anesthesia during RCT of teeth with irreversible pulpitis
ABSTRACT
Poisonous creatures are the main causes of stings in the world with the approximate number of 1000000 cases annualy. From this, 10% of the cases leads to short and long term disability, which causes economic and social loss. Researches focus on scorpions and snakes as the main causative agents of poisoning. There are several species of snakes and scorpions which cause the problem for cattle and human being. Preventive and curative measures are the applicable methods for their control. Scorption bite is considered as one of the important causes of health problem in tropics specially in southern parts of Iran. For instance, in rural areas of Khuzistan province there are several thousand cases among children which may cause death. Lack of information about scorpion and snake species and the treatment methods are the main causes of death among people. The main objective of this research was focusing on identification of scorpion and snake species as well as applying the results as a clue for local authorities about first aids treatment, remedies, anticerum, antivenums and their proper use for stung people. In this cohort study all the information related to scorpion and snake bites from different cities affiliated to Khorasan University of Medical Sciences was collected and the results were analyzed using EPI6 program by a computer. The results showed the total number of snake bites 11 and 43 in the years 2002 and 2003. The figures for scorpion bites were 146 and 449 respectively for the same years. Snake bite were more prevalent in Taybad city [63.6%], whereas Bardeskan, Bojnourd, Daregaz and Kashmar had the fewer cases [9%] in the year 2002. In the following year, Taybad and Bojnourd cities had the most cases [23.2% and 16.25 respectively]. Scorpion bite was more prevalent in Taybad and Bardeskan cities [60.9% and 17.8%0 for the year 2002]. For the year 2003 it was 27.8% and 24.2% respectively. There was significant difference between the cities with arid and hot climates and mountainous areas in terms of scorpion bites [P<0.05]. This difference, however, was not significant for snake bites [p>0.05]. From the results it can be concluded that Tayebad city for having high temperature, desert situation and vicinity to Afghanistan, has the highest cases of snake bites. Bardeskan city has the same climatic condition with several species of scorpion so that it was expected to have more scorpion bites in this city. In the year 2003, the rainfall was more than the previous year, resulting in more agricultural and outdoor activities. Hence it was postulated that scorpions and snakes are active during the season, therefore the number of cases was high in the year 2003
ABSTRACT
Myocardial Infarction is the most frequent diagnosis in the admitted patients in Western Countries that is important to diagnose rapidly. This study was designed to determine the most sensitive double marker diagnostic method of Creatine kinase- Mb, myoglobin and troponin I in acute myocardial infarction. This descriptive diagnostic test study was performed on patients with cardiac angina that began between 4-24 hr without Ml history and didn't receive cardiac electroshock. Quota sampling was done on 256 emergency patients in two 4-14 hour and 15-24 hour after begin of pain group. Collected data analyzed with SPSS11.5 software. The most sensitive and specific double marker in the period was troponin l-Myoglobin [97.3%, 98.1%] and in the second period was creatine kinase- Mb-troponin I [100%, 96.3%]. The perfect method for the first period the combination of troponin l-Myoglobin and for the second period is double markers Creatine kinase- Mb-troponin I