[Prevalence of tooth ankylosis and its related factors among school children in Mashhad]

Statement of Problem: Ankylosis of the primary teeth in the mixed dentition leads to dental arch circumference reduction and postpones the eruption of the successor teeth. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been a comprehensive research about tooth ankylosis and its related factors in the city of Mashhad, Iran

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of tooth ankylosis and evaluate its effects among school children in Mashhad

Methods and Material: The experimental sample of this cross-sectional study consists of 1000 six to eleven year old students in seven areas of Mashhad. Stratified cluster sampling was used for the selection. Data were gathered using both clinical and radiography examination, examination of the siblings affected with ankylosis and interviews with parents. The examination methods were inspection, palpation, and auscultation. The data were analyzed by Chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis tests using SPSS software [V.16]

Results: The prevalence of tooth ankylosis in clinical examinations was 8% for the total sample with no significant difference between the two genders. The most frequent ankylosed tooth was the lower first molar [56.7%] [p < 0.001]. As to the severity of ankylosis, the moderate form was the most frequent type [55.3%] [p =0.012]. In the cases with unilateral ankylosed teeth, the frequency of midline deviation was significantly higher than bilateral cases [p = 0.023]

Conclusion: The prevalence of ankylosis was noticeable in children, indicating the importance of careful periodic examination of children by dentists

Periodontal treatment needs amongst 9-14 year-old institutionalized mentally retarded children in Mashhad, Iran

Periodontal problems seem to be more common in mentally retarded children due to the poorer oral hygiene that in mentally healthy children, but no data are available on periodontal treatment needs in these children in Mashhad. The purpose of this study was to determine periodontal treatment needs of the mentally retarded children in Mashhad, Iran, using the Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 258 mentally retarded children aged 9-14 years consisting of 38 educable, 95 trainable and 125 profound children residing in governmental and private centers in the city of Mashhad, Iran were assessed for Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs [CPITN]. For analyzing the results of the study, T-test and analysis of variance [ANOVA] were used. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean CPITN among different age groups was 1.34 +/- 0.49. The mean CPITN increased with age [p=0.01] and with the level of mental retardation [p=0.001]. The treatments needed for most of the children were oral hygiene instruction [74.42%], followed by scaling [23.64%], and extensive periodontal treatments [1.16%]. Only, 0.78% of the population demonstrated healthy periodontal tissue. Mean CPITN was significantly higher in governmental centers than private ones [p=0.02]. It was concluded that the periodontal treatment needs [oral hygiene instruction] of the mentally retarded children was high in Mashhad

[Assessing the relationship between diet and prevalence of early childhood caries in Birjand preschool children]

Early Childhood Caries [ECC] is one of the most prevalent and chronic diseases in children which may cause pain and dental infection, and often requires dental treatment under general anesthesia. Most researchers emphasize on complex and unknown reasons for occurrence of ECC. Children's diet analysis in each community can be useful in assessment of diet sufficiency and the potential of its cariogeniocity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between prevalence of the ECC and diet in children in the city of Birjand. In this descriptive, and cross sectional study, 500 children aged 24-71 month-old from Birjand were selected. In order to analyze the diet regimen of samples, 7 day diet history was recorded and compared with the United States Department of Agriculture [USDA] diet model. The samples were examined for dental caries and the association between the severity of ECC and diet was evaluated. For analyzing the results of the study Mann-Whitney, Chi-Square and Spearman tests were used. 1. The prevalence of ECC and SECC [Sever Early Childhood Caries] were found to be 83.9% and 50.2% respectively. 2. The mean consumption of the snack category was greater in boys [p=0.01]. 3. The mean dmft and dmfs scores were associated with an increase in the mean consumption serving of the snack category [p=0.001]. 4. In children with recommended consumption or more than the recommended consumption serving in milk and meat groups, the mean dmfs was less than the other samples [p<0.001]. Most of children had not desirable diet and the prevalence of ECC showed to be high in them

[Association between HLADRB104* and HLAADQB106* with severe early childhood caries]

Severe Early Childhood Caries [SECC] is one of the most common diseases in childhood. Etiology of SECC is multifactorial and both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. Genetic variation of the host may contribute to susceptibility for dental caries. Genetic factors such as Human Leukocyte Antigen [HLA] have been recently introduced as a predisposing factor. The aim of this study was to look for an association between HLA-DRB1*04 and HLADQB1*06 with SECC for early diagnosis as well as prevention of the disease. In this cross-sectional study we extracted the genomic DNAS from the whole blood samples of 44 patients with SECC and 35 caries free children [control group] by salting out method. We amplified the genomic DNA by PCR sequence specific primer [PCR-SSP] and then HLA-typing was performed for both alleles. The data were analyzed using Logistic Regression, Fisher's exact, chi-square and Student t test with 95% significance level. The results revealed a significant increase in the frequency of HLADRB1*04 in the patient group [P-value=0.019]. The odds ratio for this allele was detected to be 10. Frequency of HLA-DQB1*06 allele was not significantly different between the two groups [P-value=0.37]. The above results suggest that HLA-DRB1*04 maybe related to the susceptibility to SECC. Thus HLA-DRB1*04 detection as a molecular marker for early diagnosis of SECC can be recommended

[ evaluation on the prevalence of oral habits and related familial factors among schoolchildren aged 6-12 years old in Mashhad]

Background and aim: correct diagnosis and treatment planning of oral habits require an accurate evaluation of not only occlusion but also familial and psychological factors and co-operation between dentist and psychiatrist can play an effective role in diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral habits and their relationship with cultural, familial and economic factors among school children in Mashhad

Methods and Materials: in this cross-sectional study, 1000 school children [464 females, 536 males], aged 6-12 years old, from six different areas in Mashhad, were selected randomly. To collect the necessary information about general knowledge, parents' education and job, the number of children and the presence of oral habits, a questionnaire was sent for parents. Samples without complete questionnaires were excluded from the study. Data were subjected to SPSS program and Chi-Square test

Results: the findings of the present study indicated that 52.3% of the samples had at least one oral habit and the prevalence of habit among children aged 10-11 was higher than other groups. In this study, the prevalence of mouth breathing was 29%, thumb sucking 3.796, finger sucking [except thumb] 2.1 U4,, nail biting 10.5%, bruxim 24.4%, lip sucking 7.7%, lip biting 9.6% and other habits 2.1%. All these habits, except mouth breathing and bruxim, were more common among girls, but there was no statistically significant relationship between habit prevalence and sex [p-value=0.88]. Furthermore, factors such as parents occupation and number of siblings were also assessed, in relation to oral habits. Brmism, lip sucking and biting were more common among children with unemployed, retired or prisoned fathers where as nail biting was more prevalent among children of doctors, engineers and professors. Nail biting and bruxism were more common among single children of the family and fingcr and lip sucking and lip biting were more in children with five or more siblings

Conclusion: according to these findings, it is suggested that nearly half of the school children in Mashhad are affected with at least one oral habit, with more prevalence of mouth breathing, bruxism and nail biting. No significant difference was found between different sexes, however, higher prevalence was observed among crowded and socio-economically poor families