[Clarification of knowledge translation in health system]

Introduction: Knowledge translation is a frequently observed concept in current health science literatures. However, there is no congruence about its definition and properties. Analysis of concept helps researchers to achieve a uniform, clear and understandable description. This study accomplished on 2009 to clarify and reduce ambiguities associated with the meaning of knowledge translation and promote the concept consistency in related literatures

Methods: Walker and Avant's eight-step model was used as the method. After extensive review of all published articles until 2009, we included 29 relevant articles in the analysis. By following the steps of model, definitions, characteristics, applications, antecedents and consequences and empirical referents of the concept were derived

Results: According to the analysis, essential attributes of knowledge translation were emphasize on research knowledge application in practice, ongoing collaboration among knowledge producers and knowledge users, interactional and nonlinear process, and dependency on user and final context. In addition, the consequences of successful knowledge translation were community health promotion; more effective health services, improvement in practice and strengthen of the health care system

Conclusion: Since knowledge translation process in our country is relatively new and unknown, this concept analysis can improve implementation of more extent studies and development of research tools for identification of its barriers and facilitators and its execution

[ concept of health in elderly people: a literature review]

The elderly population is increasing day by day. So it is essential to attend to the health status of this age group for their health promotion and disease prevention. Accordingly having a clear definition of health concept in aged people is necessary. In this study, a comprehensive and in-depth narrative review was carried out by searching the data bases of SCOPUS, PUBMED, PROQUEST, SCIENCE DIRECT, ISC, IRANDOC, MAGIRAN with the key words of "health, the elderly wellbeing, health measurement, health assessment and health status" alongside with the words. "elderly, aging, old people" without limitation of years. the main approaches toward the concept of health according to available literature were medical and functional models. The medical models holds that physical examination is required for determining the health and wellbeing of elderly people and their health-related needs and the functional model proposes that the things expressed by an elderly can be the best index for their health status and their required supportive systems. It has been indicated that the perceived health by elderly people is a global and useful index which shows their health level and also interacts with social and biological components. The exploration of health and wellbeing among elderly people has a more mental nature than other age groups. Consequently, the investigation of wellbeing among the elderly must not only be restricted to its medical aspects

[Dietary and fluid adherence in hemodialysis patients]

Adherences to fluid restriction and dietary and medication guidelines are essential for adequate management of hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to assess the blood urea nitrogen [BUN], serum potassium [K] and serum phosphorus [PO[4]] levels and interdialytic weight gain [IWG] accounted for adherence of uremic patients on hemodialysis. It was a descriptive - correlational study in which 200 patients with renal failure and on hemodialysis, being treated at teaching hospitals of Iran University of medical sciences, participated in the study. The subjects were selected by census sampling method. Blood urea nitrogen, serum potassium and phosphorus levels and interdialytic weight gain of uremic patients were collected from medical charts and were analyzed by SPSS, version 14. Most of the patients [56%] had non-adherence with fluid restrictions. The levels of phosphorus, potassium, and blood urea nitrogen were higher than expected levels in 25.5%, 5.5% and 4.5% of patients, respectively. In addition, there were relationships between blood urea nitrogen, serum potassium, serum phosphorus levels and interdialytic weight gain with educational status [p _ 0.05], however, there were no statistically significant correlation between the levels of these variables with gender, age, financial status, marital status and duration of dialysis [p > 0.05]. According to the findings, most patient had adherence to dietary and medication regimen and educational level of patient was associated with adherence. Dietary compliance may be improved by dietary counseling and education may motivates patients to change and comply with dietary recommendations. Therefore, another study to evaluate effect of dietary counseling techniques on adherence in dialysis patients is suggested

Women's experience of menopause

Background and Purpose: Women's perception of menopause depend on cultural norms, social factors and individual knowledge of meanopause. Because of amny problems women face in this stage, the present study was designed to explore and interpret Iranian women's experience of menopause

Methods and Materials: Fourteen menopause women, spending time for hobby in public parks, were interviewed for their clinical experience after having signed the informed consent for inclusion in the study. Open in-depth semi-structure interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed by Van Manen phenomenological method, and the study ended after data were saturated

Results: The most important clinical experience of women from menopause, which emerged from the study data, were the physiologic event and deprivation themes. Also, subthemes included natural process of creation, facing alertness, healing power of menses, youth and femininity, and a light perspective into the future, which helped describe and expand the main themes

Conclusion: Despite different attitudes toward menopause, women consider this phenomenon as natural; however, concerns and expectation of its complications can affect the quality of their life

[Induced in vitro differentiation of beta -tubulin III expressed cells from human amniotic epithelial cells]

The differentiation of neural cells from embryonic stem cells is influenced by several factors. Amniotic epithelial cells [AECs] share many of the same characteristics as embryonic stem cells, and therefore, those factors may similarly affect the derivation of neural cells from AECs. In this study, we examined the differentiation of neural cells in vitro from AECs using the expression of Beta-tubulin III marker, after AECs treatment with retinoic acid [RA], and the impact of basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]. We also studied whether blocking bone morphogenetic protein [BMP] signaling the use of its antagonist, noggin, affects the derivation of neural cells from AECs. AECs were isolated from fresh human amniotic membrane and aggregated for 5 days in bacteriological dishes. The dissociated cells were transferred to adherent culture dishes and treated with noggin and bFGF for 7 days. In some cultures, bFGF was removed and RA was added and the cultures were allowed to differentiate for 21 days. Analysis of AECs derived neural cells was performed at the Beta-tubulin III expression levels by immunocitochemistry. All cultures treated with noggin showed the higher levels of Beta-tubulin III expression than noggin free cultures. Combined treatment with bFGF and RA showed the highest level of Beta-tubulin III in all treatment groups with or without noggin. bFGF withdrawal did not promote expression of Beta-tubulin III, while its maintenance increased the expression of Beta-tubulin III. These results show the capability of AECs to express neural cell marker and this potential is affected by some factors including noggin, bFGF, RA

[ ups and downs of sex life in menopausal stage: a qualitative study]

The meaning of menopause and women experience of this transitional stage are related to cultural norms, social factors and one's knowledge of menopause. Women's image of menopasuse affects self-care and follow-ups during this stage. Among them is consideration of sexuality which is often ignored. The aim of this study was to discover menopausal complications in Iranian women. 14 women in menopausal stage were interviewed about their clinical experience. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using Van Manen's phenomenology technique. Data analysis showed that one of the women's most important clinical experiences of menopause which they can deliberately express was the start of a new stage. Since, according to those women, changes in their life style were being made in comparison with earlier stages, one of the most important problems that escaped unobserved was sexual challenges which started at this stage. The findings this study reveal women's beliefs about their sex life. This can be used as a basis for education and offering guidelines in order to increase their quality of life

Mothers' attitude towards orodental health of their 1-6 years old children referred to medical centers of Zahedan city, 2006

Healthy community is strictly dependent on having healthy children, whose orodental hygiene is a necessity for maintaining health. Orodental care must begin from childhood, because performing special care of milk teeth of children would guarantee optimal growth of permanent teeth. Family, as an agent fostering physical and psychosocial aspects of the child can help to population health in parallel sith health care systems through educational and health activities. This paper aim at investigating mothers' attitude of orodental health of their 1-6 years children referred to health treatment centers. This study was designed to determine the mothers' attitude of mothers' of orodental health of their 1-6 years old children. This was a cross-sectional study in which data was gathered using questionnaire and interview. Five hundreds mothers of 1-6 years old children, selected by random sampling method, took part in the study. According to findings, the percentage of mothers with positive, inert, and negative attitude were respectively 79.6%, 20.4%, and 0%. There was direct positive relationship between attitude and mothers' age and education, age of children and economic status.00]. It is of great importance that authorities plan systematic and strict educational programs using mass media, and any other facility suitable for the purpose to make mothers knowledgeable about the subject. It is suggested to study the causes of inappropriate practice among mother in future studies

[Autologous transplantation of peripheral blood mononuclear stem cells in patients with buerger's disease following stem cell mobilization with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor: a report of three cases]

Treatment with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear stem cells [PB-MNCs] has shown benefits in patients with Buerger's disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of PB-MNCs transplantation in patients with Buerger's disease. Three patients were treated by PB-MNCs transplantation. The patients received G-CSF at a dose of 5 ug/kg/day prior to the treatment. Stem cells were harvested from peripheral blood and injected directly into the muscle of the affected limbs. Patients reported pain relief after approximately one month. Venous oxygen saturation in the affected lower limb increased and clinical symptoms showed improvement. Angiographic scores were significantly improved in the transplanted patients. Satisfactory clinical improvements were observed by injecting PB-MNCs after G-CSF mobilization, suggesting that this novel cell therapy method is feasible, safe and efficient. No adverse effects were observed following the intramuscular administration of stem cells

Caring behaviors of student nurses following clinical experience through role play and traditional method

Caring is a multidimensional nursing concept that can be actualized within the baccalaureate nursing curriculum through the purposeful teaching and student-centered learning of core values. Teaching interpersonal issues is possible through various methods such as role-play. The current study was conducted with the aim of describing the caring behaviors of two groups of sophomore-level student nurses after implementing either role-play or traditional method as teaching method of choice. The researchers used quasi-experimental study design using an equivalent control group and post-test. Fifty one nursing students were randomly assigned in either experimental or control group. After that members of the experimental group performed their clinical experience using role play and members of control group did practice as routine, caring behaviors of two groups were observed using CBI. In general, findings indicated that caring behaviors related to subscales "respectful difference to other" and "professional knowledge and skill" were, respectively, the most and the least frequent caring behaviors in both groups. More frequent occurrence of interpersonal aspects of caring in two groups indicates that in the beginning of professional nursing care, the sophomore-levelstudents give priority to altruistic values. So, using approaches to develop and maintain interpersonal aspects of caring in nursing curriculum, coupled with changing the teaching methods of practical aspects of nursing care and appropriate integration of theory and practice is recommended

effects of expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning on arterial blood gases in patients under mechanical ventilation

Endotracheal suctioning is one of the most frequently used methods for airway clearance in patients under mechanical ventilation. Chest physiotherapy techniques such as expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning can be used as a means to facilitate mobilizing and removing airway secretions and improving alveolar ventilation. This study was carried out to determine the effects of expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning on arterial blood gases in patients mechanically ventilated patients. This research was a clinical trial study with a crossover design. The subjects consisted of 70 [35 females, 35 males] mechanically ventilated patients who were admitted to medical and surgical intensive care units and emergency department of Hazrat- Rasool Hospital in Tehran. Subjects were selected with consecutive sampling. The patients received endotracheal suctioning with and without rib cage compression, with a minimum 3- hours interval between the two interventions. Expiratory rib cage compression was performed for 5 minutes before endotracheal suctioning. Arterial blood gases were measured 5 minutes before and 25 minutes after endotracheal suctioning. Data were recorded on the data recording sheet. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and paired t-tests. There were a statistically significant differences in the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen [Pao2/Fio2], Paco2, and arterial oxygen saturation [Sao2] between before and after endotracheal suctioning in both methods [endotracheal suctioning with and without rib cage compression] [p=0.000]. Moreover, there were statistically significant differences in the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen [P=0.000], Paco2 [P=0.048], and arterial oxygen saturation [P=0.000] between the two methods. Findings showed that expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning improves arterial blood gases exchanges in patients under mechanical ventilation, so, performing expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning in these patients is recommended

Occupational status of Shaheed Beheshti University of medical sciences graduates in 1993-7

Job Satisfaction of the physicians and factors influencing it, are the issues receiving special attention by the health systems of every country. The present study aimed at revealing the current status of the employment and academic achievements of our physician and their attitude toward their job, in order to provide required information for the relevant authorities. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, an 8-item questionnaire was developed including 7 closed as well as 1 open question. The list of the physicians who were graduated from the Medical School of Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services [SBMU] from 1993 to 1997, was obtained from the Education Deputy of the University and Islamic Republic of Iran Medical Council. The questionnaires were then posted to the target group of physicians. The returned questionnaires were controlled and the related data was entered into the SPSS software. Of all respondents, 356 [67.3%] were male and others were female; 363[68.4%] were married; 260 [50.8%] had completed the military service, and others were exempted One hundred ninety [55.1%] of the men and 103 [62%] of the women had entered the university using open quota. Ninety four [61%] of the single participants were dissatisfied with their jobs. This was 174 [49.2%] in the married group. The most dissatisfied [162, 57.4%] were among open quota group. More than half of the men and half of the women were dissatisfied with their jobs. Physician's work force are among the most expensive human resources. A general dissatisfaction which has been shown in this study should be viewed as warming for policymakers and authorities to take measures to safeguard this expensive human capitals