[Prevalence of non-communicable diseases risk factors among the population of rural areas of Kurdistan Province, in Iran: a population-based study by rapid assessment method in 2015]

Background and Aim: Determination of prevalence of non-communicable diseases [NCD] risk factors is the key factor for designing any intervention program for the control and prevention of these diseases. The aim of this study was to determine NCD risk factors among rural areas population in Kurdistan Province, in Iran, in 2015

Materials and Methods: In this population-based study, we investigated the prevalence of main NCD risk factors among 13710 adults above 20 years of age selected by systematic random sampling method from rural areas of Kurdistan Province, in the north-west of Iran. Data were collected by using a standard questionnaire. SPSS version 22 software was used for data analysis

Results: The results showed that 10.6% [9.0-12.2%] of the participants were current daily tobacco smokers and 32% [31.5-33.0%] of them had passive smoking. 54.9% [54.1-55.8%] used solid oils as the main consumed oil by the households. The prevalence rate of overweight/obesity was 17.2% [16.5-17.8%]. Mean daily fruit and vegetable consumption and also mean hours of exercise or vigorous physical activity per week were 1.6+/-0.9 servings and 2.8+/-3.5 hours, respectively. The prevalence rates of hypertension and hyperlipidemia were estimated 8.2% [7.8-8.7%] and 3.3% [3.0-3.7%], respectively. The prevalence rats of stroke, various cancers, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], depression and diabetes were 0.6% [0.5-0.8%], 0.4% [0.3-0.6%], 1.1% [0.9-1.3%], 1%[0.8-1.1%], 1.5% [1.3-1.7%] and 2.5% [2.2-2.7%], respectively. Different cities of the province showed significant differences in the prevalence rates of the most of the risk factors [P<0.05]

Conclusion: This population-based study provided the real figures of NCD risk factors among the population living in the rural areas of Kurdistan Province. We recommend use of the results of this study for designing any intervention program for control and prevention of NCD in this region

[ relationship between caregiver burden with coping strategies in Family caregivers of cancer patients]

Cancer is one of the most common chronic diseases whose caregivers are confronted with related problems to caring and treating the cancer patients. Caregiver burden, which is resulted from the negative impact of living with the cancer patient along with inappropriate use of coping strategies, which could lead to rejection diagnosis, can be accounted as the reasons of why the treatment and health would be impaired. The present study was aimed to determine the relationship between caregiver burden and coping strategies of caregivers of cancer patients. In this cross-sectional study, 133 caregivers of cancer patients who referred to Gorgon's 5[th] Azar Educative and Therapeutic Center were selected via Census sampling method. Data were gathered by three-part questionnaire, including demographics checklist, caregiver burden and coping strategies questionnaire. In order to analyze the collected data, SPSS V. 16 software with descriptive statistics was applied; also, the analysis of variance and logistic regression were conducted. In addition, statistical significance was defined as p< 0.05. Findings showed that mean and standard deviation of caregivers' age was 35.73 +/- 14.31. And, 50.4% of all the participants were male. Based on the results taken from multivariate model of logistic regression, high care demand [OR=0.403,%95 CI: 0.227 - 0.714] and higher rate of emotional coping strategies use [OR=1.09,%95CI: 1.04 - 1.15] have significant correlation with caregiver burden. Based on our findings, the using of emotion-focused coping strategies among caregivers and caring needs of patient, lead to increase care burden, therefore beside of patient empowerment, could be educated efficient coping strategies for caregiver's burden reduction

Periodontal status in patients with coronary artery disease

Regarding the negative effects of inflammatory disease including periodontal infections on cardiovascular diseases, this study was carried out in order to investigate the periodontal status of patients with coronary artery disease [CAD] referring to two hospitals in Zahedan. In this study, 100 patients with CAD who referred to Khatam-al- Anbia and Imam Ali Hospitals in Zahedan were examined. After clinical examination, periodontal parameters PD [probing depth], AL [attachment level], PI [plaque index], and GR [gingival recession] were determined. Preparing the radiography, the average percentage of bone resorption overall the mouth was measured and registered. The results were analyzed using SPSS-17. Plaque accumulation in 92% of the subjects of study was more than 10%. Pocket depth in the patients was as follows: 18% of the patients had less than 2 mm PD; 13% of them 2-2.99 mm; 43% with 3-45.99 mm PD and 26% of them had deep pocket [> 5 mm].In relation to attachment loss, the results were as follows: in 9% of the patients 1-2 mm; 41% of them 3-4 mm, and for 50% of the patients AL was more than 5 mm. the average of gingival recession in the subjects was 3.31 +/- 1.9. Considering bone resorption, 6.7% of the people had less than 20% resorption, 46.7% had 20-39% resorption and in 46.7% of them, resorption was 40-60%. In this study, affliction to periodontal diseases was said to be the cause of Coronary Artery Disease

[Stucture, process and preformance of the emergency unit of teaching hospital of Tehran university of medical sciences]

Nowadays, community health and different methods for health service delivery are among the most important public health issues in many countries. Most developing nations are trying to establish a health care system capable of meeting their basic needs.Hospitals are the most important service delivery points, and they need skilled manpower and adequate equipment for efficient performance of their medical care and educational functions. Today, the health of the mankind is facing greater hazards and challenges than at any other time in history, and within this context, hospitals are supposed to provide service of the highest standards and with minimum delay. Emergency wards are the sections where these principles apply more than anywhere else. These are rightly regarded as the "heart" of any hospital and a quick, efficient workflow in the emergency room can literally save lives. This was a cross-sectional [descriptive/analytic] performed in 2005 to assess the structure, process and performance in the emergency wards of 12 teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 33.3% of the ward chiefs were women the rest were men; they were all more than 30 years of age. The average rate for implementing proper managerial standards was 90.6%. The "manpower index" was 69.1%, and the "facilities and equipment" index was 44/5%. The "directions index" and "activities index" were 66.97% and 93.5%, respectively. The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between standards of management at the emergency department and the facilities and equipment index. Also, there are positive correlations between the emergency department's "manpower and rules" index instructions, activities, and years of service in hospitals

Haematological and biochemical response in Iranian crossbred race horses at high speed exercise

Evaluation of exercise tolerance of horses in the restand post-exercise by measurement of changes in hematologicalfactors and enzyme activities.Comparative study.Nineteen Iranian cross-bred race horses aged 5 to 14years old and 350 to 450 Kg weight.Two blood samples were taken at rest and aftergalloping in 1 mile track .Auscultation of heart was done at restand immediately after exercise up to 60 minutes.Blood sampleswere submitted to laboratory for hematological and biochemicalexperiments.The commercial kits were used to measurement ofenzyme activities. T-student test,Analysis of variance,SPSSprogram.The mean of PCV,RBC values and,CPK,AST,and LDH activities at rest were obtained,36.60 +/- 3.3percent,6.8 +/- 0.88 million/microl,196.8 +/- 20.3micro/l, 233.78 +/- 29.73 micro/1 and 327.05 +/- 58.25 micro/1 respectively.The mean values of thesefactors after exercise were significantly increased to beforeexercise [p<0.05]. The mean of resting heart rate was36.10 +/- 5.54 bpm and the mean of maximum heart rate and heartrate in sixtinth minutes after exercise were 131.89 +/- 16.83 and42.36 +/- 11.70 bpm respectively,there is significant increase ofmaximum heart rate to resting heart rate [p<0.05]. Although there is significant increase inenzyme activities,but marked and pathological increase do notoccur and therefore there is no any evidence of muscular/cardiacdamage or poor performance.There are rather good capacity ofPC V and cardiac reserve in the horses with regard of submaximalexercise. Measurement of serum enzymes alone, are not reliablefor detection of poor performance.However,detection of suchfactors in the precence of acute damage or along with some otherfactors like PCV and HR are valuble for determination of poorperformance