[Nosocomial urinary tract infections: etiology, risk factors and antimicrobial pattern in ghaem university hospital in Mashhad]

Nosocomially acquired urinary tract infections [NAUTIs] are common infections in the hospital setting. Since the bacterial spectrum of NUTIs is extensive and the antibiotic resistance is common, we decided to study the incidence of etiology, antibiotic resistance and risk factors of [NAUTIs] in Ghaem University Hospital in Mashhad, Iran from 2009 to 2012. The Present study is based on the isolation-identification and determining the antibiotic resistance pattern of [NAUTIs] from 2009 to 2012. Demographic data of patients regarding age, gender, symptoms and signs were collected by a valid questionnaire. Among 647 patients with nosocomial infection, the prevalence of NAUTI was 102 [17.2%] during this period. The most frequently isolated micro-organism was Candida spp [20.9%], followed by Escherichia coli [16.3%], Klebsiella sp [15.4%], enterococci and acinetobacter [14.5%]. Among antibiotic resistant bacteria, [53.8%] of E. coli were resistant to ampicilin and cefepim. Acinetobacter showed 66.6% resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Among the isolates, approximately 46% had multidrug resistance to three or more agents and effective antibiotics for treatment of UTIs were nitrofurantoin and norfloxasin in this study

[ antibiotic resistance pattern of staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in quaem university hospital during 2009-2011]

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen. Due to the high prevalence of S. aureus infections and increasing resistance to antibiotics, physicians have been facing problems in choosing an appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance among S. aureus clinical isolates in Quaem university hospital between 2009 and 2011. In this study 100 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were identified in laboratory from different specimens. The specimens were collected and examined by standard diagnostic methods. Determination of S. aureus sensitivity to antibiotics was performed using standard disc diffusion method. The antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria were reported according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] manual with sensitive [S], intermediate [I] and resistant [R]. Among antibiotics tested, Staphylococci isolates were highly resistant against Penicillin 97%, followed by, Oxacillin 63% Erythromycin 57%, Cephalexin 43% Clindamycin 33% Vancomycin 20%. Our results are similar to the reports from many other parts of Iran. According to this study, resistance pattern among Staphylococcus aureus strains was widespread in Quaem hospital. The implication of this high resistance is that Staphylococcus aureus infections should be treated with more precaution and not with Penicillin and other ineffective antibiotics

[Bacterial contamination of eye cosmetics before and after use in Iran]

The possibility that cosmetic products may act as vehicles for pathogen transfer is a major health concern. The risk of this occurring is higher with cosmetics used around eyes, which could be responsible for a number of infectious diseases. This study was performed to evaluate the bacteriological quality of these products in Iran and also to study factors that predispose to bacterial contamination. We examined a total of 290 samples, including 145 eye mascara lashes and 145 eye marker, for bacterial contamination. The products were then used by volunteers under actual in-use conditions for 4 weeks. Before, during and after use, the products were evaluated for microbial contamination by using standard methods for identification. More than 14.5% of the unused eye mascara were contaminated while about 2.7% of eye markers showed contamination before use. Bacillus spp. and coagulase negative staphylococci were the most commonly recovered bacteria. Contaminations of in-use samples were significantly higher than unused samples. Contamination was relatively common and presents a potential health hazard. The high level of microbial contamination among unused samples emphasizes quality control during manufacture, packing, and preservation

[Antibacterial susceptibility patterns among E.coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Ghaem University Hospital, Mashhad]

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common cause of the admission patients' to the hospital and clinics. Because the side effects of UTI emergency treatment is very important. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Mashhad. We studied specimens collected from patients during 1 year period. Antibacterial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer method against 9 common antibiotics and the date were analyzed by SPSS software. During this period 6024 urine samples were examined of which 1472 had positive culture, Escherichia coli with the frequency of 33% were the leading uropathogen. About 97% of isolated E.coli was resistance to Ampicillin. Resistance rate against other antibiotics was also high. Considering antibiotic susceptibility pattern for E.coli which is the most common uropathogen, it seems that antibiotics like Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazol should be used cautiously for treatment of E.coli UTI; instead other antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin can be recommended

[Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a comparison between interbody cage and autograft iliac crest bone fusion]

Considering some contraversies in performing anterior cervical discectomy with fusion and particularley several methods of fusion [interbody cage and autograft iliac crest bone fusion], we performed this study between 1383-1384 in order to compare these two type of fusion. In this randomized clinical trial study we divided forty sequentially enrolled patients into two distinct groups. Diagnosis was made based on clinical examination and MRI findings. All patients underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, using cervical interbody cage or outograft iliac crest bone. Efficacy of fusion, complications relate with bone graft harvested site and also the time between operation and returning to daily activity was evaluated. Two groups were fairly similar in variables such as age, sex, clinical presentation and involved disc level distribution. In the first post-opertive day, 90% of patients in the cage group complained of Neck pain which was reduced to 60%, 25% and 5% at the end of the first week, first month and first post-operative year, respectively. These result were 95%, 55%, 35% and 10% in iliac group patients, respectively. Although segmental kyphosis was observed in one patient in cage group and two patients in iliac bone group, there was no evidence of progression requiring further surgical intervention. Time of operation was shorter in cage group. Regarding the soild fusion achieved in cage group and lack of any significant pain corresponding bone graft harvested site complications in this group, cervical interbody cage can be a reasonable alternative method for iliac crest bone graft in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion