ABSTRACT
One of the most appropriate methods for needs assessment is to assess learners' needs and arrange the educational programs based on their viewpoints. The aim of this study was to determine the topics and content of Continuing Medical Education [CME] programs in five selected subjects by medical education experts and target group, based on the real needs of General Practitioners [GPs] in order to revise CME national programs. In this cross-sectional applied study, 700 GPs covered by Medical Sciences Universities in Tehran province were studied. A questionnaire consisting of two parts of demographic features and 80 scientific questions regarding their knowledge in five domains of clinical pharmacology, skin diseases, toxicology, emergencies, and forensic medicine was used. The questionnaires were delivered to physicians' offices by trained personnel using a list or by direct referral to offices and then gathered. Three topics in each subject and 15 standard educational contents in total were developed for the target group. There was almost a complete relationship between the opinion of experts and target group in forensic medicine. Some of the first five priorities of the two groups overlapped in skin diseases, forensic medicine, and emergencies. No common viewpoints were observed between experts and target group in pharmacology. In toxicology, there was no common viewpoint in the first three selections of the two groups. Real educational needs of GPs in receiving new information in order to promote their competencies and knowledge were different from those considered by experts. It is recommended to design the educational content for the target groups in the health care field based on their real deficiencies in knowledge and practice and by assessing their views and knowledge
Subject(s)
Humans , Needs Assessment , Physicians, Family , Education, Medical , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
G.B.R is a procedure which is used for treatment of the osseous defects. In this procedure new bone forms in the defect. The aim of this study was to compare the bone formation with madrepora and membrane, madrepora alone and membrane alone. This study was done on 5 white Newzl and rabbits. Three defects were created in parietal bone. The first defect was filled with madrepora particles [250-500 micron] and covered with a piece of membrane. The second defect was filled only with madrepora and the third defect was left empty and covered with membrane. After 8, 9, 11, 14, and 15 weeks animals were sacrificed. Statistical analyses were done by Kruskal - wallis and Mann -whitney U tests. Histologically the defect which contained madrepora and membrane was filled with trabecules after 15 weeks. In the second defect the trabecules were seen only in the periphery. The defect was filled with connective tissue in the third defect. Madrepora's pieces have biocompability with rabbit tissues and the process of repair in the osseous defect was accelerated
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Membranes , Rabbits , Parietal BoneABSTRACT
The purpose of our study was to examine the diastolic blood pressure response of apparently healthy pilots to exercise testing. Method: A treadmill exercise testing according to Bruce's protocol was performed on randomly selected group of 39 apparently healthy pilots as cases and 36 non-pilot air port personnel as controls. All of the subjects were more than 35 years old, without any history of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and any abnormal paraclinical finding. The mean total exercise time was not significantly different from the pilots [695.94 sec.[SD=117. 77]] in the controls [693.22sec. [SD=104.22]] [P=0.91].The mean systolic blood pressure and heart rate did not differ significantly between the two groups. The mean diastolic blood pressure at the end of the test was 84.35mmHg [SD=8.3] for the pilots and 82.63mmHg [SD=7.2] for the controls [p=0.34]. The mean change in diastolic blood pressure [maximum and at rest] was significantly higher in pilots [5.76mmHg [SD=7.97]] than in controls [1.86mmHg [SD=6.94]] [P=0.027]. 15 Pilots [38.5%] had increased diastolic blood pressure more than 10mmHg in comparison with 7 non-pilots [19.4%] [P=0.08]. The exercise testing was stopped due to fatigue in all of the pilots and controls. Increased diastolic blood pressure after exercise testing is greater in pilots than controls. This is in part due to chronic stress and increased baseline cathecolamines. This increase may be associated with the risk of ischemic heart disease, hypertension and sudden incapacitation. Paying more attention to diastolic blood pressure after exercise testing as a periodic fitness examination for pilots is warranted. In the case of increased diastolic blood pressure more than 10 mmHg, closer observation of the person is recommended