ABSTRACT
The prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes including obesity has increased over the past few years in Iran. The increase in these diseases has been associated with increased urbanization and lifestyle changes. The burden of non-communicable diseases [NCD] is increasing in low and middle-income countries. The aim of this report is to address the threat of NCDs in the capital city of 6 big provinces of Iran. A community based cross sectional study was carried out between March 2010 to January 2011 in 6 provinces' capital cities [Isfahan, Karaj, Mashad, Shiraz, Tabriz, and Tehran]. Participants were men and women of 30 years and older who had been screened through the National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program. BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipids were measured. 439406 cases [60% female and 40% male] were studied. The prevalence of pre-diabetes [13%], diabetes [13%], hypercholesterolemia [14%], hypertension [11%], overweight [27%] and obesity [20%] was higher than expected. Only 35% of participants were healthy. This study reveals a high prevalence of NCDs in urban living population in those capital cities. It also shows that increasing urbanization may be an important threat to public health regarding NCDs especially in developing countries. It is crucial to implement a comprehensive NCD program [across the life time] in the health system with a strong collaboration with all stakeholders [governmental and non-governmental sector, academic, research centers and scientific associations] in the community [Multisectoral Approaches]
ABSTRACT
Background and Purpose: Appetite is one of the factors affecting the energy intake equation and has different control and regulatory levels. One of the probable factors affecting it is physical activity. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of moderate and heavy resistance exercise on appetite, glucose, glycerol and lactate of the serum in healthy men
Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, out of the university employees, 13 male volunteers were recruited for the study by their own written informed consent, and were assigned into three modes of control, moderate resistance exercise [with intensity of 70% of 1RM] and heavy resistance exercise [with intensity of 80% of 1RM] groups. The process consisted of 8 different movements arranged in 3 sets with 10 repetitions within 90 minutes. The participants' appetite parameter was recorded by appetite questionnaire before collecting blood samples. Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS 13 at a significance level of P<0/05
Results: After correcting the results of plasma volume, no significant changes were observed in the appetite, glycerol and glucose of the serum As caused by moderate and heavy resistance exercise. Appetite decreased immediately after the exercise protocol by 33%, but increased 3 hours after the exercise by 12%, and finally decreased 9-hours after exercise by 26% compared to pre-exercise levels [P<0.05]
Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that a one-session moderate and heavy resistance exercise has no significant effect on the appetite if food deprivation and significant negative energy balance do not exist
ABSTRACT
In this study, the cost-benefit of a screening program based on the rial, the unit of currency used, was analyzed. The intelligence quotient [IQ], and height and weight were evaluated as indices for a population of children suffering from congenital hypothyroidism [CH]. The total cost for the screening program, including hormone tests, diagnosis, medicine, treatments and care was identified and calculated up to the age of seventy years and this was compared to the costs related to training and caring for patients suffering from mental retardation, who had not been screened. The screening test was done using S and S filter paper and thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH] was determined by the ELISA test. The future costs and benefits with an annual rate of 3% discount of their current value was estimated. To evaluate the effectiveness of the screening program, IQs of 32 patients were identified and compared to 36 healthy children between 2004-2005. The IQs were evaluated according to "Good Enough" and "Proteus Maze" tests. During 2008, 1165169 of 12489136 newborns [51% male, 49% female] underwent screening for CH, 92% cover-age of all newborns for that year. Four percent of recalled infants, with TSH>5 were subjected to diagnostic tests [T4, TSH, T3RU] and finally 2745 patients were identified. Benefit to cost ratios, based on a 3% annual discount rate, were 22, 41, 32, 34, 47 and 60 times lower, respectively. No significant differences were found with regard to differences in IQ scores between cases and controls [cases: 105 +/- 19.3, controls: 111 +/- 19.4], height [cases: 106 +/- 0.7, controls: 102 +/- 4.9 cm] and weight [cases: 15.6 +/- 4.6, control 15.3 +/- 3.2 kg]. The national Newborn Screening [NBS] program for CH has been successful and quite effective in Iran. The method not only has economical advantages but also reduces capital expenditures and preserves normal IQ of the patients under treatment and prevents mental retardation and growth complications
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Congenital Hypothyroidism , Intellectual DisabilityABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the geographical distribution of Congenital Hypothyroidism [CH] in Iran using Geographic Information System. The incidence of Congenital Hypothyroidism in each city and province calculated based on national CH screening program and then the map of its distribution was depicted. The spatial distribution of CH was assessed in each city by employing binominal test and Hotspot Analysis. The map of distribution of CH was drawn by ArcGIS version 9.2 software. The national incidence of CH [including both transient and permanent types] has been estimated 2.2/1000 in screened new borne babies. The distribution of CH seems more or less equally around the country and its spatial variation was not statistically significant. We did not find any specific CH Hot Spot in Iran. We did not find any particular explanation for high incidence of CH is Iran geographically; therefore other explanations for such a high risk in screened neonates should be investigated including the non-environmental factors and factors related to quality of screening program in Iran
Subject(s)
Humans , Demography , Geographic Information SystemsABSTRACT
Omega 3 fatty acid [03FA] consumption has been shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. TYPE 2 diabetes confers an adverse cardiovascular risk profile particularly in women after menopause. The aim of this study was to determine whether a dietary supplement with omega 3 fatty acids affected insulin resistance, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. A total of 32 postmenopausal overweight women with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes completed a randomized double blind parallel trial of purified omega 3 fatty acid supplementation [2g/day] versus placebo for 10 weeks. Evaluated were serum triglycerides [TG], HDL-c, total cholesterol [TC] and glucose using the enzymatic method, Insulin by radioimmunoassay and insulin resistance using the Homeostasis Model Assessment method [HOMA-IR] were calculated. Relative to those in the placebo group, TG decreased significantly [P=0.03] in the 03FA group. 03FA supplementation had no significant effect on serum LDL-c, HDL-c, glucose and insulin resistance but there was a significant increase in serum insulin and TC in the 03FA group at the end of study compared to the beginning [P=0.04, P=0.04 respectively]. Intake of 2g 03FA had favorable effects on serum TG and TG/HDL-C, no effect of LDL-C, HDL-C, glucose and insulin resistance but did have an adverse effect on serum insulin and TC. Recommendation of 03FA intake in diabetic postmenopausal women needs further investigation