Evaluation of the effect of some antibiotics, crystal violet dye and clove oil on bacterial organisms isolated from human teeth affected with caries disease

Twenty-six bacterial organisms were isolated from nine samples taken from human teeth affected with caries disease. These organisms were identified as Lactobacillus lactis [30.8%], Streptococcus mitis [19.2%], Streptococcus salivarius [15.4%], Staphylococcus aureus [11.5%], Staphylococcus epidermidis [11.5%] and Staphylococcus mutans [11.5%]. Sensitivity of the bacterial strains to the antibiotics cefuroxime [zinnat], ampicillin [ampicillin], amoxycillin [arnoxil], norfloxin [noroxin] and erythromycin [erythromycin] were conducted. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found to be sensitive to all of the tested antibiotics, while Staphylococcus aureus shows sensitivity to amoxycillin and erythromycin only. The two strains were choosen for further studies, Crystal violet dye solution was found, to inhibit the growth of the two bacterial chosen strains at concentration ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 micro g/ml.While as the complete growth inhibition was attained at 0.6 micro g/ml, Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to the tested antibiotics in the presence of crystal violet solution at concentration ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 micro g/ml increased with ampicillin, amoxycillin and norfloxin, while the sensitivity decreased with cefuroxime and erythromycin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC[s]] of clove oil against Staph. aureus and Staph, epidermidis were found to be 7% and 6% [v/v], respectively. While, the [MICV] of clove oil were observed in the presence of crystal violet dye to depend on the concentration of the dye in the agar medium

Efficacy of day - old ocular vaccination against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in commercial broilers

The effect of day old ocular vaccination with live intermediate infectious bursal disease virus [IBDV] vaccine was tested in commercial broiler chicks that have maternally derived antibodies [MDA] against infectious bursal disease virus [IBDV]. Chicks were challenged with very virulent IBDV [vvIBDV] either at 24 days of age after being vaccinated at 1 and / or 14 days or at 31 days of age of those vaccinated at 1 or 14 and /or 21 days. The assessment of protection was determined by measuring, bursa / body weight [B: B] ratio, bursal index [BI], mean severity index [MSI] of bursal lymphoid tissue lesions and mortality rate at 7 days post-challenge [Pch], in addition, antibody response to IBDV at 14 days Pch. Vaccination at 21, 14 and 21 and 1, 14 and 21 days of age protected 100% of vaccinated commercial broiler chickens only against mortality of vvIBDV. However, none of the different vaccination regimes protected commercial broiler chickens neither from bursal atrophy nor bursal lesions. Serum IBDV antibody levels, as monitored by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA], showed similar rates of decline among non-vaccinated and all the vaccinated groups and by day 35 PV, serum antibody level in non-vaccinated and vaccinated groups were below detectable levels. Results of these studies indicate that IBDV vaccination al one day of age via eye drop doesn't protect against mortality, bursal atrophy and lesions and doesn't cause accelerated IBDV specific MDA. Moreover, the serological examination of optimal vaccination time for each flock is required to control of vvIBDV in me field