[Neurogenic pulmonary edema [NPE] following head injury in a 20 years old man]

Neurogenic pulmonary edema [NPE] is a relatively rare life-threatening complication in patients with head injury. It is mostly observed in young people and is associated with brain or spinal cord hemorrhage, trauma, tumors, epilepsy or infections. The common characteristic of all different NPE etiologies is increased intracranial pressure [ICP]. In this case report study, reports a NPE case that is associated with head injury due to falling down in a 20 year - old man and described presentation, pathophysiology and management. Neurogenic pulmonary edema is an un-common complication at cerebral trauma, but if this disease is diagnosed with head injury, patients may suddenly become dyspenic or ratio of Pa02/Fio2 may be decreased. The mortality is high, but recovery is usually rapid with appropriate management

Relation of personality traits with driving behavior in city of Shiraz in 2005

Driving faults have always been a cause of traffic problems and accidents in all communities. Rates and types of the resultant traffic problems vary and depend en cultural, social, economic, and geographical contexts. Environmental factors, control measures, administrative issues, and disparity between transportation infrastructures and number of vehicles are among influencing factors on driving faults. However, the human causes are the main influencing factor and are responsible for the highest percentage of driving faults. The present study was designed to investigate the personality factors that may be related to driving behavior and faults in city of Shiraz in southwest Iran in 2005. Participants were recruited with convenient sampling in places like car services centers and one central specialty clinic. Questionnaires included a demographic one, Persian translation of Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire, and NEO FF1 Personality inventory. Analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used for analyzing data. The findings showed significant positive correlation between neuroticism score and all types of driving faults [P < 0.05]. Negative and significant correlations were found between agreeableness and extraversion scores, and driving faults [P < 0.05]. No correlation was found between conscientiousness' score and total driving faults. Positive correlation was observed between openness score, and non-violent faults [P < 0.01]. There were negative correlations between age and years of driving practice, and nonviolent driving faults. Surprisingly there was a significant positive correlation between years of formal education and all types of diving faults [P < 0.05]. The findings of the present study demonstrated a significant relationship between personality traits and driving faults. Therefore it is suggested to perform psychologie assessments at the time of granting driving licenses and periodically there after and provide trainings for fault-prone drivers

[Height, height and body mass index of 6-15-year-old school girls in Babol, northern Iran between 1995 to 2002: a comparison with the US 2000 centers for disease control and prevention references]

Since there are no national references for height, weight and body mass index [BMI] or Iranian children, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] 2000 standards are widely used in Iran. An assessment of the suitability of these standards was thought essential. The aim of this study was to compare the growth indices of 6-15-year-old school girls in Babol, Northern Iran, with the CDC 2000 standards. Six hundred and nine healthy 6-15-year-old Babol schoolgirls, selected by the convenience sampling method, were studied retrospectively between 1995 and 2002. The reference percentiles for height, weight and body mass index were calculated using the LMS method [the LMS Light 1.28 software]. After converting the growth data into standard deviation scores [SDS] based on the CDC2000 reference, the mean SDS within and through the age groups was compared with zero using the one sample T-test and SPSS 10.0.1. Statistically significant differences would mean significant differences between the growth indices of the population studied and the CDC2000 reference standards. The mean SDS for height, weight and BMI were -0.2 [SD - 1.00], -0.3 [SD =1.12] and -0.3 [SD =1.09], respectively, all significantly different from zero [p=0.000]. These scores reflect the magnitudes of differences from the CDC2000 references. These differences decreased as age increased and were more prominent in the 6- to 11 -year old girls. In these girls height, weight and BMI SDS were - 0.24 [SD =1.01], -0.48 [SD =1.10] and -0.46 [SD =1.15], respectively [p -0.000]. Growth charts were drawn. The height, weight and BMI values for the population studied were all lower than the corresponding CDC2000 standards. Therefore, the CDC standards are not suitable for use for Babol girls. Considering the nonprobability sampling method used in this study, any generalization should be made with caution. This study supports the idea of developing appropriate local standards for practical use