[ effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction]

Coronary heart disease is the main cause of death and inability in all communities. Anxiety is the most common psychological response to myocardial infarction. Present study was conducted to indentify efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on the anxiety of patients with myocardial infarction. This study is a clinical trial. Sixty patients with myocardial infarction hospitalized at the cardiac ward of a hospital in Qazvin between 2011-2012 were selected using sampling and were divided by random assignment into experimental and control groups. In order to collect data, demographic and anxiety questionnaires were used. Interventions were subsequently performed in two sessions every other day for 45 to 90 mi and anxiety level of the patients was measured before and after intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired - t-test, t-test, Willcoxon and Chi square. Mean anxiety levels in experimental group were [48.87 +/- 4.28] and [7.37 +/- 2.42] before and after intervention, respectively; therefore it statistically showed a significant difference [P<0.001]. Mean anxiety level in control group was [49.10 +/- 5.13] before intervention and it was [48.40 +/- 5.31] after intervention, so it statistically showed a significant difference [P<0.001]. The eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a newly effective, useful, efficient and non-invasive method for treatment and reducing anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction. Nurses, particularly those who are working in Critical Care Units can use this new and effective method for treatment of anxiety in patients

[Cloning of catalytic domain of exotoxin A from pseudomonas aeruginosa]

Antibody against Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A can be used in immunotherapy together with antibiotics to treat acute burn patients. Exotoxin A is one of the virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that comprises of three domains, binding domain, translocation and catalytic domain. The purpose of this study was to construct the recombinant domain of the catalytic part of this microorganism in order to produce antibody against it. Pseudomonas aeruginosa samples were isolated from burn patients hospitalized in Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan, Iran and its species was identified by Biochemical tests. Bacteria genomic DNA and also the catalyhc domain of exotoxin A was amplified by PCR. PCR Products and plasmid extracts was digested by restriction enzymes. Subsequently PCR products and plasmids transformed into E. coli BL21 [DE3]. Clones containing gene of interest was determined by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. The sequence homology of the catalytic domain of exotoxin A was compared with that of the published gene data bank. The results showed a complete homology between our gene species and the published genome in data banks. The results of this study showed that about 90% of the isolated bacteria contained exotoxin A and there was a sequence homology between our species and published gene data banks

[Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among women in Minoodar district of Qazvin; interventional propositions]

Regarding the social changes and epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases, the health status and life style change specially in women of our country, and in view of multi-factorial etiology of cardiovascular diseases, evaluating the risk factors of such clinical complications seems to be of prime importance. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among women aged 20 years and over, in Minoodar district of Qazvin, accompanied with interventional propositions to lower the risk of such diseases. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 400 [out of a total population of 40,000, based on cluster sampling] women aged 20 or above in Minoodar district of Qazvin, in 2007. Questionnaire, physical exam, and biochemical tests were the materials of the present research. Using SPSS 11, the data were analyzed by chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The mean systolic blood pressure in study population was 118 +/- 16 and diastolic 76 +/- 10 mmHg, waist circumference 95 +/- 12 cm, total cholesterol 173.5 +/- 33, triglycerides 146 +/- 55mg/dl. The values obtained for the prevalence of major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases were, cigarette smoker 0.8%, physical inactivity 62%, undesired body mass index 80%, waist circumference over 88 cm 97.5%, high blood pressure 6.5%, diabetes mellitus 5%, hypercholesterolemia 21%, hypertriglyceridemia 36.5%, and metabolic syndrome 30%. In view of high prevalence of risk factors found in our study, mobilizing the activities into interventional approaches to lower the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases is of prime priorities and mass media could play a crucial role in this regard

Interaction of alpha[2]-adrenergic system and caffeine on passive avoidance learning in male Wistar rats

There are numerous studies on the effects of caffeine on memory and learning. The activation of alpha[2]-adrenoreceptors has been reported to impair memory functions in both rats and humans. In this study, interaction of alpha[2]-adrenergic system and caffeine on memory and learning was evaluated. In this experimental study, 90 wistar rats assigned into six groups of fifteen. Rats received yohimbine [4, 6, 8, 10 micro g]. The cannula was implanted into the right lateral ventricle of all rats with steriotaxi method. Then, they were trained in shuttlebox. Post-training intracerebroventricular [ICV] injection was carried out in all experiments and optimum doses were identified. Caffeine and yohimbine fostered memory and learning [p<0.001], while clonidine diminished these abilities compared to saline injection [p<0.05]. Co-administration of the optimum doses of clonidine and yohimbine showed statistically significant reduction in the time of step-through latency [p<0.05]. Instead, co-administration of clonidine and caffeine revealed no significant increase in the time of step-through latency [NS]. It is concluded that yohimbine and caffeine, unlike clonidine, increase memory

KAP study on smoking in Iranian medical doctors

Smoking is one of the major health problems worldwide and health politicians, especially medical doctors can play a key role in preventing and controlling of this global epidemic among their patients. To evaluate the physicians knowledge, attitude and practice [KAP] towards smoking. This was a descriptive analytical study in which the target population included all general physicians employed in state-run or private sectors. A total of 5140 GPs in 20 provinces of the country were randomly chosen based on available information from health care organization. Data were collected using questionnaires completed by educated questioners. The prevalence of smoking among general physicians was 7.43% [9.7% in males and 0.8% in females]. Regular smoking was found in 1.79% of women and 10.37% of men and the average of cigarettes used by smokers was 6.6 per day. The average age to start smoking was 23.04 +/- 5.7 years. Most doctors [90%] believed in necessity of education to quit smoking manners. Although the prevalence of smoking among GPs found to be less than the general population, regarding the important of their roles, inclusion of extra educational sessions on tobacco control and prevention methods in universities seems to be of prime necessity. This will eventually cause a decrease in prevalence of smoking among this important shell of the society

Evaluation of Qazvin general practitioners' attitude on hypertension

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and the commonest factor of heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases and renal failure in many countries. To evaluate the attitude of Qazvin physicians on hypertensive disease. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at year of 2002 in 80 of 419 general practitioners. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire of WHO. All data analysis were carried out using SPSS, and X[2] test. Out of all participants, 73.7% were male and 26.3% female. 55% of physicians were in age group of 30-40 years with a mean value of 39 +/- 9.7. The after graduation years were >10 in 46.3%. Out of all physician, 98.8% believed that high blood pressure is a serious problem for health and 96.3% believed that the primary prevention is effective 38.8% believed that the target of blood pressure for treatment is 140/90 mmHg. There was a relationship between the after graduation years and the target treatment of blood pressure and the treatment of uncontrolled blood pressure [p=0.02]. Also, there was a link between age with professional tendency in using of laboratory tests and treatment approach in uncontrolled hypertension [P=0.01]. There was no relation between gender and attitude. The attitude on treatment of high blood pressure was changed over the after graduation years

relationship between ischemic heart disease and coronary risk factors in population aged over 25 in Qazvin: a population-based study

Coronary heart disease [CHD] is the first and the most common cause of death in all age groups and both sexes in Iran. To determine the CHD prevalence among the population of Qazvin. In this cross sectional study, 501 males and 499 females aged 25 or more [mean 47.1 +/- 11.9 yr] were assessed for the presence of CHD. Twelve lead ECG was obtained for each participant over 30 years old. The CHD risk factors were compared between normal and ischemic groups. The Minnesota code was used for ECG coding. Age adjusted prevalence of possible MI, ischemic ECG and angina pectoris were 2.5%, 18.9%, and 1.1%, respectively. There was no significant difference between mean values of systolic/diastolic blood pressure among ischemic ECG and possible MI groups when compared with normal group. Also, the comparison of mean values for BMI in ischemic ECG and possible MI groups with normal group shown to be insignificant, statistically. There was a significant association between possible MI and hypertension, type II diabetes, and smoking in females. The data were also indicative of a significant relationship between the ischemic ECG and WHR in females and hypertension in males. Meanwhile, the possible MI was more frequent in smokers than non smokers. Based on results obtained in our study, CHD was directly associated with age and smoking in all sex and age groups and also with hypertension and diabetes in females. So, regarding the high prevalence of asymptomatic CHD, the screening and preventive measures for CHD risk factors seem to be necessary

Survey of Qazvin medical sciences university gradurates' professional situation

Awareness of the graduates' professional situation in order to orientate future plans seems to be necessary. To identify Qazvin medical graduates' professional situation. A questionnaire was sent to all the students graduated from 1991 till 1997 through a survey. A total number of 98 responses were gathered [of about 480 sent questionnaires]. Out of these responses, 66 responses belonged to men and 32 belonged to women who consisted of 62 general practitioners, 26 specialists, and 7 residents. The specialists were mostly internists, pediatricians and anesthesiologists. They spent their time as follows: 19.6 +/- 37.9 hours in visiting patients, 14.26 on teaching, 6.47 on research, 19 on medical - related works, 28.5 on management, 14.7 in studying medical books and journals. Some graduates [about 61%] believed that studying in Qazvin University has nearly prepared them to accept the responsibility to work as a physician. Some graduates didn't file for their patients, while the same number of them didn't agree to in service training. The majority of graduates agreed to a change in the Health service system and also to limit the acceptance of medical students in universities. Instead, they mostly emphasized the importance of increasing education quality. The results indicate that, health service system must be reformed in our society. Moreover, the medical students should work in the health fields to prepare themselves for their future. The information about the graduates should be followed up