Obesity-associated Hypertension among Primary School Children in Sarawak: A Cross-sectional Study

@#Hypertension has been recognised as an important public health issue, affecting paediatric population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its relationship with obesity among different ethnic, gender primary school children in Kuching division, Sarawak. It was a cross-sectional study using multistage sampling. Data was collected using anthropometric equipment and digital blood pressure monitor. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. A total of 1314 respondents participated. 36.9% of the respondents were overweight and obese, 31% were overfat and obese, 29% had abnormal waist circumference and 32.8% had abnormal waist-height ratio (WHtR). About 22.1% of the respondents were found to be in pre-hypertension and hypertension stage. There were significant differences in overweight and obese, overfat and obese, WHtR between males and females. Indigenous Sarawak reported to have the highest number of hypertensive at risk, overweight and obese, overfat and obese, abnormal waist circumference and WHtR. Those respondents who were hypertensive were found to be overweight and obese, overfat and obese, with abnormal waist circumference and WHtR. Screening of potential risk factors at a young age would help to reduce the incidents of chronic disease in the adulthood. Blood pressure measurement should be included in the routine physical examination, to identify high risk children for further investigation.

Hypertension and its association with Anthropometric indices among students in a public university

Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and itsassociation with nutritional status (body mass index, body fat percentage, and visceral fat) amongstudents in a public university in Sarawak, Malaysia.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among undergraduate students aged 18 years old andabove. Anthropometric measurements, such as weight, height, body composition, and bloodpressure measurements, were collected. Hypertension was defined as equal or more than 140/90mmHg. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS version 20.Results: A total of 354 respondents participated in the study. Mean age for the respondents was21 years (SD 1.18 years). About 40% of the respondents were overweight or obese. Prevalence ofhypertension was 8.2%. Mean systolic blood pressure was 119.1mmHg (SD14.36mmHg), and themean diastolic blood pressure was 72.6mmHg (SD 9.73mmHg). There is a significant associationbetween male gender (odds ratio =3.519, 95% CI is 1.886-6.566), body fat percentage (odds ratio=1.944, 95% CI is 1.050-3.601), visceral fat (odds ratio = 2.830, 95% CI is 1.346-5.951), andfamily history of hypertension (odds ratio= 2.366, 95% CI is 1.334-4.194) and hypertension.Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was less than 10% and is associated with malegender, body composition, and family history of hypertension.

Scanning electron microscopy and histopathological study of the effect of estriol on the endometrium of women using long acting injectable contraceptives with irregular uterine bleeding

Hormonal contraceptives are female sex steroids, synthetic estrogen and synthetic progesterone [pro gestin], or pro gestin only. They can be administered in the form of oral contraceptives "OC", implants, and injectables. A large part of the modem medical research has focused on studying the effect of different forms of the hormonal contraception on the human endometrium whether by the conventional dilatation and curettage or by outpatient pipelle to study the endometrial histopathological changes either by light microscope or scanning electron microscope; and to correlate the findings detected by both modalities, in order to develop an effective method for diagnosis and treatment of different forms of eridometrial pathology. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen treatment on the endometrium of women using pogestational injectable contraceptive [Depo-provera] [R]and complaining of irregular uterine bleeding using: Clinical assessment, transvaginal ultrasound and studying endometrial samples by: The ordinary light microscope and the scanning electron microscope. In this study 30 women using depo provera as a contraceptive method and all of them complaining of irregular uterine bleeding were randomly categorized into 2 groups; group A included 15 cases who received estriolfor 3 months, and group B included 15 cases who received Diosmine for the same period. Both groups were subjected to endometrial sampling by an out patient pippelle before and after treatments then the endometrial tissues were examined by the ordinary light microscope and the scanning electron microscope, results were then tabulated and statistically analyzed using the standard statistical tests. Microscopic examination of-the endometrial biopsies from all women receiving depot inedroxyprogesterone acetate revealed variable degrees of endo, netrial atrophy. The glandular architecture was cystic in cases and budded in the others. The glands were lined by mitotically inactive bland-looking cuboidal or flattened cells with rare pseudostratfication. The glands were embedded' in a mitotically inactive spindled stroma that exhibited varying degrees of collagenation. The ratio of glands to stroma was near one with predominant stroma. in many foci. Microscopic examination of the endometrial biopsies of the 15 patients that received Diosmine for 3 months didn't reveal any proliferative change in 12 of them and only weak prohferative changes were noted in 3 of them. All atrophic endometria examined with the SEM revealed inconsistency in cell size and shape, cellular loss and separation, infrequency of ciliated cells and absence of uterodomes. Epithelial surface was usually flattened, with cells often displaying raised cell borders; Microvillous cells were thinly populated with very low, blebbed microvilli. Afew to moderate number of glands with large openings were observed. Pitted cells were observed in 2 of the specimens that were treated with Diosmine. Number of injections and time lapse since the last injection had a role in the endometrial changes but age, gravidity and parity had no role. Depotmedroxyprogesterone acetate [DMPA] is one of the most effective hormonal iontraceptive methods used by women in reproductive age to prevent pregnancy. Discontinuation of DMPA is mainly due to menstrual irregularities including unpredictable bleeding or spotting; this bleeding is mainly due to endometrial atrophy. Estriol is considered the friendly estrogen and can he used in treatment of vaginal bleeding during DMPA use by changing the endometrium front vrophic to prolfirative so it causes building up of a new endometrium without evident side effects Endometriutn either under effect of DMPA or estriol is easy to be studied by combined scanning electron microscopy and ordinary light microscopy cfter endometrial sampling by outpatient pipelle

Race and sex identification: a morphometric study of the Egyptian calcanei

This study was done on 271 Egyptian calcanei devided as 134 dry adult bones of unknown sex, 105 wet adult cartilage covered bones of known sex and 32 foetal calcanei of both sex. According to calcaneal bone classification regarding the number of the talar facets, calcanei were classified into three types [A, B and C]. Type C was present only in 2 bones out of the 271 calcanei. In both adult and foetal Egyptian calcanei, the incidence of type B, was significantly higher than type A with marked predominance in females. This pattern showed a particular racial distribution as that of Africans and Indians but differs from Europeans. The presence of a significant sex difference in the calcaneal types was also found in the foetal series, indicating that, the variations were genetically determined. This study proved that morphometric examination of the calcaneal bones could help in identification of both sex and race

Personal Identification by frontal sinuses radiographs examination

The study was done on 107 skull photographs taken as anteroposterior view. Measurements were taken regarding the septum, lateral border, lower border and the 3 angels for each sinus photographically. Comprehensive description of frontal sinus on each side showed complete asymmetry on both sides. Rudimentary frontal sinuses, bilateral or unilateral absence was present in some cases. Sexual variations could be noticed as larger sizes were present in males. Rudimentary and absent sinuses were more in females. The study concluded that frontal sinuses have very wide variations in size and shape. In this study it was noticed that there was no single case having any similarity with the others. Accordingly, the study concluded that frontal sinuses pattern has a very unique individuality which may be equivalent to fingerprint