Development of a Korean Standard Structural Brain Template in Cognitive Normals and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease

PURPOSE: To generate a Korean specific brain template, especially in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by optimizing the voxel-based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-dimensional T1-weighted images were obtained from 123 subjects who were 43 cognitively normal subjects and patients with 44 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 36 AD. The template and the corresponding aprior maps were created by using the matched pairs approach with considering differences of age, gender and differential diagnosis (DDX). We measured several characteristics in both our and the MNI templates, including in the ventricle size. Also, the fractions of gray matter and white matter voxels normalized by the total intracranial were evaluated. RESULTS: The high resolution template and the corresponding aprior maps of gray matter, white matter (WM) and CSF were created with the voxel-size of 1 x 1 x 1 mm. Mean distance measures and the ventricle sizes differed between two templates. Our brain template had less gray matter and white matter areas than the MNI template. There were volume differences more in gray matter than in white matter. CONCLUSION: Gray matter and/or white matter integrity studies in populations of Korean elderly and patients with AD are needed to investigate with this template.

A Case of Renal Aspergillosis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Aspergillosis is defined to include any infection caused by a species of Aspergillus. Aspergillosis is a granulomatous, necrotizing. and cavitary disease of lung, often with hematogenous spread to other organs such as brain. kidney, heart, spleen. intestine, skin, and bone. Aspergillosis is becoming increasingly vulnerable to patients with malignant disease and to patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and antibiotics for a wide range of illness. We present a case of this disease involved the right kidney without lung.

Clinical Observation on Urolithiasis in Childhood / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A Clinical observation was made on 10 cases of childhood urolithiasis under 15 year-old who were admitted to the department of urology, Hanyang University Hospital during the period from May, 1972 to Dec, 1983. The results were as follows: 1. of 3482 cases hospitalized, 10 cases were urolithiasis in childhood giving ratio of 0.29%. 2. The favorable age was absent, but showed even distribution. 3. Congenital anomalies 2, metabolic cause 1, idiopathic cause 7 were recognized as etiologic causes. 4. Incidence of lower urinary stone was high, 70%. 5. The most frequent symptoms and signs were voiding difficulty, 4 cases. Hematuria, flank pain and bladder irritative symptoms were also noted. 6.The urine cultures were showed Klebsiella pneumonia in 1 case, Enterobacter aerogens in 1 case, Enterococci in 1 case and combined infection of E. coli and Enterococci in 1 case. 7. Stone analysis was showed calcium oxalate in 3 cases, combined stone of calcium oxalate and ammonium phosphate in 1 case and fibrinoid calculi in 1 case. 8. Recurred rate cannot be estimated because of the patient was not revisited to out-patient-department at all after discharge.

A Case of Leydig Cell Tumor of Testis in a 4-year-old Boy / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Testicular tumor in children has the seventh incidence among the pediatric neoplasm and represents 1% of the malignant tumor in children. Of th testicular tumor, Leydig cell tumor is comprising only 2 to 3%. A 4-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital due to precocious puberty. On physical examination, the right testicle was 4x3cm in size, but not transilluminated. Under the Impression of Leydig cell tumor, radical orchiectomy was performed. We report this case with review of literature.

Two Cases of Renal Vessel Malformation / 대한비뇨기과학회지

We have experienced two cases of renal vessel malformation caused by congenitally, one is extrarenal artery aneurysm with hypertension and the other is intrarenal arteriovenous fistula. We report two cases of renal vessel malformation and the literature has been reviewed.

Testis Biopsy in lnfertile Men with Azoospermia / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Investigations into the pathogenesis of male infertility have relied predominantly on two types of analysis: histological evaluations of testicular biopsies and assays of these hormones thought to be responsible for the regulation of spermatogenesis. Other types of analysis such as chromosomal studies and biochemical determinations of ejaculate components have also played a role in characterizing male infertility. Testis biopsy findings of 54 cases with azoospermia were observed in aspect of testicular size and pastory and seminovesiculograms were performed in 3 cases with normal testis and 1 case with peritubular fibrosis and reduced spermatogenesis. The following results were obtained. 1) Among the 42 cases with normal sized testis, 12 cases (28.6%) of normal testis, 10 cases (23.8%) of peritubular fibrosis with reduced spermatogenesis, 11 cases (26. 2%) of reduced spermatogenesis, 1 case(2.4%) of maturation arrest at spermatid level, 6 cases (14.3%) of Sertoli cell only syndrome and 2cases (4.7%) of hyalinized tubule with Leydig cell hyperplasia were observed. 2) Among the 12 cases with small sized testis, 1 case (8.3%) of normal testis, 1 case (8.3%) of peritubular fibrosis with reduced spermatogenesis, 2 cases(16.7%) of reduced spermatogenesis, 5 cases(41.7%) of Sertoli cell only syndrome and 3 cases (25.O%) of hyalinized tubule with Leydig cell hyperplasia were observed. 3) Normal testis was observed in 4 of 9 cases with tuberculous epididymitis and 1 case with surgically corrected bilateral hydrocele on their past history. Peritubular fibrosis with reduced spermatogenesis was observed in 3 of 9 cases with urethritis, 2of3 cases with tuberculous epididymitis and 1 case with surgically corracted bilateral varicocele on their past history. 4) The observed in 3 cases of normal testis and 1 carmel testis and 1 case of peritubular fibrosis with reduced spermatogenesis on the seminovesiculogram.

Causative Organisms and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Urinary Tract Infections in l97l and l976 / 대한비뇨기과학회지

In patients with urinary tract infections, institution of specific therapy should be preceded by careful examination of the urine and quantitative bacteriology from properly collected urine specimens. A clinical study on patients with urinary tract infections was done for observation of the changing trend in causative organisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics at Yonsei Medical Center in 1971 and 1976. The following results were obtained. 1) In 1971, 571 patients (male:2l1, female :360) with urinary tract infections were observed and in 1976, 647 patients (male :265, female :382) were observed. The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.4-1.7, the most cases (above 60%) belonged to age group 20-49 years in both year. 2) The causative organisms of urinary tract infections were E. coli, enterobacter, staphylococcus and etc in 1971 and E. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella and etc in 1976 orderly. Cases of urinary tract infections by enterobacter and staphylococcus were decreased and cases by klebsiella, proteus and pseudomonas were increased in 1976. Urinary tract infections by E, coli were about 60% of female patients and about 25% of male patients in both year. Incidence of mixed urinary tract infections was l0.5% in l971 and 15.1% in 1976. 3) The susceptibility rates of gram negative organisms were 30.3% to ampicillin, 72.2% to Kanamycin, 79.9% to neomycin and 51,5% to bactrim in l971 and 17.5% to ampicillin, 47.8% to Kanamycin, 68.7% to gentamycin and 71.8% to colimycin in 1976. The rates to chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline were about 20% in both year. 4) The susceptibility rates of gram positive organisms were 35.4% to chloramphenicol, 38.5% to orbenin, 81.0% to penicillin G and 11.8% to tetraycline in 1971 and 50.0% to chloramphenicol, 31.6% to orbenin, 64.5% to penicillin G and 22.4% to tetracycline in 1976. The rate to ampicillin in 1971 was 57.0% and to cephaloridin in 1976 was 78.9%. 5) The susceptibility rates of Pseudomonas were 79.5% to colimycin and 59.1% to neomycin in 1971 and 88.7% to colimycin, 56.3% to gentamycin and 59.2% to carbenicillin in 1976. The rates to streptomycin, tetracycline, bactrim and minocycline were low.

Causative Organisms and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Urinary Tract Infections in l97l and l976 / 대한비뇨기과학회지

In patients with urinary tract infections, institution of specific therapy should be preceded by careful examination of the urine and quantitative bacteriology from properly collected urine specimens. A clinical study on patients with urinary tract infections was done for observation of the changing trend in causative organisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics at Yonsei Medical Center in 1971 and 1976. The following results were obtained. 1) In 1971, 571 patients (male:2l1, female :360) with urinary tract infections were observed and in 1976, 647 patients (male :265, female :382) were observed. The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.4-1.7, the most cases (above 60%) belonged to age group 20-49 years in both year. 2) The causative organisms of urinary tract infections were E. coli, enterobacter, staphylococcus and etc in 1971 and E. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella and etc in 1976 orderly. Cases of urinary tract infections by enterobacter and staphylococcus were decreased and cases by klebsiella, proteus and pseudomonas were increased in 1976. Urinary tract infections by E, coli were about 60% of female patients and about 25% of male patients in both year. Incidence of mixed urinary tract infections was l0.5% in l971 and 15.1% in 1976. 3) The susceptibility rates of gram negative organisms were 30.3% to ampicillin, 72.2% to Kanamycin, 79.9% to neomycin and 51,5% to bactrim in l971 and 17.5% to ampicillin, 47.8% to Kanamycin, 68.7% to gentamycin and 71.8% to colimycin in 1976. The rates to chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline were about 20% in both year. 4) The susceptibility rates of gram positive organisms were 35.4% to chloramphenicol, 38.5% to orbenin, 81.0% to penicillin G and 11.8% to tetraycline in 1971 and 50.0% to chloramphenicol, 31.6% to orbenin, 64.5% to penicillin G and 22.4% to tetracycline in 1976. The rate to ampicillin in 1971 was 57.0% and to cephaloridin in 1976 was 78.9%. 5) The susceptibility rates of Pseudomonas were 79.5% to colimycin and 59.1% to neomycin in 1971 and 88.7% to colimycin, 56.3% to gentamycin and 59.2% to carbenicillin in 1976. The rates to streptomycin, tetracycline, bactrim and minocycline were low.