Sweat chloride concentration in patients with heat stroke

The effect of hyperpyrexia on sweat gland function in heat stroke [HS] has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to assess changes in sweat chloride concentration before and after recovery from heat stroke. Sweat chloride concentration in response to pilocarpine stimulation was measured in 10 HS patients on admission and after 12 h and was compared with that of 7 heat exhaustion [HE] and 10 heat stress patients. The mean age of HS patients was 51.1 +/- 8.9 years. Their mean rectal temperature was 42.9 +/- 0.6 [degree]C, cooling time was 96 +/- 12 min, APACHE II score was 23.5 +/- 6.9, and serum lactate concentration was 5.2 +/- 2.1 mmol/L. The mean sweat chloride concentration was significantly lower among HS patients [5.3 +/- 0.6 mmol/L] compared with HE [20.0 +/- 1.5 mmol/L, p< 0.0001] and heat stress patients [27 +/- 3.2 mmol/L, p< 0.0001]. The mean sweat chloride concentration at 12 h among 8 HS patients who survived increased to 17.9 +/- 6.6 mmol/L, whereas in 2 HS patients who died, the sweat chloride concentration remained unchanged [p<0.0001]. Sweat chloride concentration in HS was markedly reduced compared to HE and heat stress. However, in HS patients who survived, sweat chloride concentration recovered 12 h after treatment.

Outcome of pulmonary embolism and clinico-radiological predictors of mortality: Experience from a university hospital in Saudi Arabia

The objective of this study is to determine the outcome of pulmonary embolism [PE] and the clinico-radiological predictors of mortality in a university hospital setting. A Prospective observational study conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh Saudi Arabia between January 2009 and 2012. A total of 105 consecutive patients [49.9 +/- 18.7 years] with PE diagnosed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography were followed until death or hospital discharge. Overall in hospital mortality rate was 8.6%, which is lower than other international reports. Two-thirds of patients developed PE during the hospitalization. The most common risk factors were surgery [35.2%], obesity [34.3%] and immobility [30.5%]. The localization of the embolus was central in 32.4%, lobar in 19% and distal in 48.6%. A total of 26 patients [25%] had evidence of right ventricular strain and 14 [13.3%] were hypotensive. Multivariate analysis revealed that heart failure [Beta = -0.53, P< 0.001], palpitation [Beta = -0.24, P= 0.014] and high respiratory rate [Beta = 0.211, P < 0.036] were significant predictors of mortality. There was no significant difference in the localization of the embolus or obstruction score between survivors and non-survivors. The outcome of PE is improving; however, it remains an important risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients. Congestive heart failure, tachypnea and tachycardia at presentation were associated with higher mortality. These factors need to be considered for risk stratification and management decisions of PE patients. Radiological quantification of clot burden was not a predictor of death