ABSTRACT
In order to identify the source of Citrus grandis and evaluate its quality originate from two areas comprehensively,DNA barcode was used to identify 26 samples of C. grandis. The content of naringin,rhoifolin,naringenin and apigenin was determined by UPLC method,and the color difference was numerically studied by color difference analyzer,which was related to the effective components of C. grandis. The results showed that samples was the source of C. grandis in both regions. The ITS2 sequence length was about400-500 bp,and the sequence similarity reached 99. 82%. There was only one base deletion in the two groups. There was one base A in some medicinal materials of Guangdong at 330 bp,but no base in Chongqing. The contents of naringin and rhoifolin in Chongqing samples were higher than those in Guangdong samples,and there were statistical differences between naringenin and apigenin. The chroma value showed that L*value of Guangdong was larger,a*value was smaller,L*value of Chongqing was smaller,and a*value was larger,while the b*value of both was not significantly different; The results of correlation analysis showed that naringin,rhoifolin,naringenin were positively correlated with L*,b*value,negatively correlated with a*value,and apigenin had no correlation with L*,a*,b*value. In this study,the scientific identification and evaluation of C. grandis was carried out to provide a new idea for the further study of the rapid identification and evaluation of C. grandis.
Subject(s)
Apigenin , Citrus/genetics , DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic , Drugs, Chinese HerbalABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of pain and functional limitation. Short-term Baduanjin () exercise had been testified to be beneficial to the disease. This study conducted an initial assessment of the one-year Baduanjin exercise on knee OA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The recruited patients practiced Baduanjin at the community recreational center. Sessions were held for 30 min five times a week for one year. Knee pain, stiffness, physical disability, general health, knee extensors and flexors strength, and aerobic ability were measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), the 6-Minute Walk Test (6-MWT), and the Isokinetic Strength of the Knee Extensors and Flexors (ISKEF). Body mass index (BMI) was also calculated before and after the study period for comparison.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-eight patients signed the informed consent. Six patients withdrew from the trial. Twenty-two patients (29 knees) completed the one-year study. After one-year Baduanjin exercise, WOMAC pain (132.0±69.6 vs. 56.2±67.6, P=0.000), stiffness (64.7±54.8 vs. 22.3±34.6, P=0.000), and physical function subscales (386.1±275.8 vs. 182.0±235.7, P=0.003); SF-36 body pain (45.7±20.0 vs. 57.4±17.9, P=0.005), general health (50.5±20.0 vs. 62.1±16.1, P=0.004), role emotional (64.4±26.1 vs. 73.5±21.3, P=0.047), and health transition (3.3±1.0 vs. 2.6±1.0, P=0.008); BMI (25.0±2.9 vs. 24.4±2.9, P=0.032); 6-MWT (565.7±94.6 vs. 610.5±66.7, P=0.036); and ISKEF Peak Torque (the Knee Extensors: 60.5±25.5 vs. 76.8±31, P=0.000; the Knee Flexors: 29.3±15.9 vs. 37.1±15.8, P=0.001) were significantly improved. No adverse effects resulted from the exercise.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It suggested that the long-term Baduanjin could be a feasible and safe exercise option for knee OA.</p>