ABSTRACT
Objective The ammonia level in air and heavy metals in drinking water were explored in a cynomolgus monkey feedlot. Methods Air ammonia from different communities and feeding patterns of cynomolgus monkeys were collected at three time-points per day and determined by Nessler's reagent spectrophotometry. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was applied to detect the level of heavy metals in drinking water from 5 different sampling sites in the feedlot,incluing the outlet of underground water,the water tank,both monkey cages equipped with PVC or iron pipes and sewage lagoon,respectively. Results Air ammonia levels in quarantine inspection flock cages(0.59 ± 0.03 mg/m3)were significantly higher than in the cages of both reproductive flock(0.34 ± 0.03 mg/m3)and sale flock(0.27 ± 0.04 mg/m3). The ammonia level in air in different feeding patterns ranks as following:cage rearing of quarantine inspection flock(0.59 ± 0.03 mg/m3)>cage rearing of reproductive flock(0.48 ± 0.02 mg/m3)>captive bleeding of sale flock(0.30 ± 0.02 mg/m3)>cage rearing of sale flock(0.25 ± 0.01 mg/m3)> captive bleeding of reproductive flock(0.22 ± 0.02 mg/m3). The air ammonia concentrations of both former flocks were statistically higher than the latter three flocks. The highest air ammonia level among different flocks and feeding patterns occurred in the morning, before waste discharge clean-up. The iron concentration in drinking water in the cages equipped with iron pipes was higher than Chinese drinking water standard. Conclusions The air ammonia level was lower than the Chinese air quality standard. The iron concentration in drinking water in the cages equipped with iron pipes was higher than the Chinese drinking water standard.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the functional and radiographic outcomes of pre-bent elastic stable intramedullary nail in treatment of distal radial shaft fractures in children. Methods From January 2006 to December 2008, 18 children with distal radial shaft fracture were treated by close reduction and internal fixation with a pre-bent elastic stable intramedullary nail. The age range was from 5 years to 15 years,with an average of 9 years and 8 months. All the cases were closed fractures, and followed up at least 12 months. The time interval from injury to surgery were 1 to 9 days. Fracture sites were located at the distal radial shaft. Among them, 15 cases suffered ipsilateral ulnar fracture, and the others for solitery radial fracture. Closed reductions were performed under C-arm fluoroscopy. All affected arms were immobilized in the functional position postoperatively by the plaster cast beyond elbows. Results The average time of fracture complete union was 5 months (ranged from 3 months to 7 months). The average preoperative angulation of the fractures: anteroposterior view 16.2±7.5 degrees, lateral view 26.2±13.1 degrees. The average postoperative angulation of the fractures: anteroposterior view 2.7±1.5 degrees, lateral view 1.4±1.2 degrees. All fractures maintained good alignment postoperatively, and 94.4% (17/18) of the patients regained a full range of rotation of the forearm. One patient suffered limitation of rotation in forearm less than 10°, and this had improved by final follow-up. Complications included soft tissue irritation at the site of nail insertion in one patient and transient scar hypersensitivity in another. Conclusion Fixation with a pre-bent elastic stable intramedullary nail is an effective, safe and convenient method for treating distal radial shaft fractures in children.