ABSTRACT
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are members of a class of immune-suppressive molecules that regulate the strength and range of immune responses to avoid normal tissue damage. However, immune checkpoint activity can be stimulated by tumors to es-cape immune surveillance. To elicit anti-tumor effects, immune checkpoint inhibitors can promote the activation of T cells by blocking immune checkpoint proteins. Therefore, these inhibitors can be efficiently and safely used to treat solid tumors. Although the clinical usage of these inhibitors is in the initial stage, they have exhibited good efficacy and safety in lymphoma treatment. This review sum-marizes the biological activities of CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 and the application of antibodies as drugs for lymphoma treatment.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To educate the high-quality nurses with ability and to improve their capability in holistic nursing.Methods: Interlocution of nursing case is applied to theory teaching.Clinic probation and simulative act are applied to practical teaching.Results:Situational teaching method is welcome among the experimental students whose grade is higher than that of the students of contrast class.Conclusion: It is propitious to education in synthesis ability of students to use situational teaching method based on the holistic nursing.