ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the effect of STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) education in the teaching of Comprehensive Nursing Practice course, which is integrated with the concept of social work. Methods:The course of Comprehensive Nursing Practice integrated with the concept of social work was constructed, and two classes of Batch 2019 nursing undergraduates in our university were selected as the research objects, including 46 students in the control group which took traditional teaching, and the other 43 students in the research group which took STEM teaching. Both groups were taught for 2 months (28 class hours). The teaching process, teaching summary and teaching satisfaction of the two groups were evaluated. SPSS 25.0 was used for t-test, Chi-square test and rank-sum test. Results:The scores of STEM literacy, practical ability, inquiry consciousness, learning condition, participation and enthusiasm in the research group were higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.05). After teaching, the scores of problem-solving ability, work display and theoretical knowledge of the research group were higher than those of the control group ( P<0.05). The students in the research group were more satisfied with teaching than those in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The construction of Comprehensive Nursing Practice course with the concept of social work and the application of STEM education can improve students' learning ability, learning effect and their satisfaction with the course teaching.
ABSTRACT
On May 8, 2020, for the first time, European enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) society lunched Consensus Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Neonatal Intestinal Surgery, that provided 17 suggestions for intestinal resection surgery, including the selection of surgical method, the application of prophylactic antibiotics, the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia, perioperative fluid management, perioperative pain management, optimal hemoglobin, perioperative communication, parents involvement, postoperative nutrition care and mucous fistula refeeding.The guideline aims to recommend ERAS advices for neonatal intestinal surgery, so as to reduce perioperative adverse events, and improve medical quality as well as family satisfaction.Now, in order to provide the latest evidence-based information for the perioperative management practice of neonatal surgery in China, the author interpreted it.
ABSTRACT
Objective To compare the effects of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate combined montelukastin the treatment of patients with bronchial asthma.Methods Ninety-eight bronchial asthma patients from April 2014 to March 2016 in the Fourth People's Hospital Sichuan Province were selected anddivided into observation group and control group with 49 patients in each group according to the above principles by prospective study.The control group was given salmeterol treatment,and the observation group was added given montelukast treatment based on the control group.The treatment days were 15 d recorded the prognosis of the two groups.Results The total effective rates of the observation group and the control group were 95.9％ and 81.6％ respectively,the total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The FEV1 and FVC values after treatment in the observation group and control group were significantly higher than before treatment (P ＜ 0.05),while the FEV1 and FVC values in the observation group after treatment were significantly higher than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The scores of ACT scale after treatment of two groups were obviously higher than before treatment,and the score of observation group was statistically higher than control group after treatment (P ＜ 0.05).During treatment,there was no statistical significance on adverse reaction between two groups.Conclusion Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate combined montelukast in the treatment of patients with bronchial asthma can promote the improvement of lung function,so as to improve the quality of life and clinical treatment.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the impact of daily life ability, self-efficacy and social support on post-stroke depression. Methods This was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. A convenience sample of stroke patients from neurology department was created. Data were collected from patients about their level of daily life ability, self-efficacy, social support and depression measured. Inferential statistics multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the relationships between the predictors and post-stroke depression. Results A total of 144 (96.00%) of 150 stroke patients completed the questionnaires. The level of depression was 14.19 ± 9.25 with 25.00% (36/144) of incidence of post-stroke depression. Self-efficacy scored 40.45 ± 11.41, social support scored 28.34 ± 8.02, which negatively predicted depression (r=-0.834 and-0.736, P<0.01 respectively). Self-efficacy had the most significant impact on depression (t=-6.433, P < 0.01), however, the impact from daily life ability scored 76.74 ± 22.12, which had not statistically significant impact on depression (t=-1.773, P=0.083). Conclusions During treatment and nursing management of post-stroke depression, attention should be paid to the psychiatric variable such as self-efficacy and social support.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the mechanism underlying the effect of the SOCS3 rs4969170 A/G alleles on the occurrence of insulin resistance (IR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The promoter region of the SOCS3 gene was amplified by PCR,and luciferase expression vectors were constructed and transfected into HepG2,Huh7 cell lines.The relative luciferase activity of each expression vector was assessed by the dual luciferase reporter gene assay system.Western blotting was used to detect SOCS3 protein expression in PBMCs from groups of patients with the rs4969170 AA and AG genotypes.The state of IR in eight patients was evaluated by determining their HOMA-IR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The pGL3-A, PGL3-G and pGL3-control vectors showed significantly different luciferase expression in the HepG2 cells (0.121 00 ± 0.022 07,0.027 00+/-0.012 49 and 0.043 33 ± 0.005 51; F =48.068, P=0.001) and in the Huh7 cell lines (0.164 70 ± 0.007 10,0.027 33 ± 0.017 04 and 0.033 67 ± 0.014 98; F =115.137, P=0.001). The expression of SOCS3 protein was significantly higher in the rs4969170 AA genotype group than in the AG genotype group (1.22 ± 0.40 vs. 0.30 ± 0.19; t =4.149, P=0.006).The IR index of patients with the rs4969170 AA genotype and the AG genotype was 4.11 ± 2.62 and 1.47 ± 1.01 respectively.There were three patients with IR in the rs4969170 AA genotype group and one in the rs4969170 AG group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two genotype groups (t=1.881, P=0.109).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The SOCS3 rs4969170 A haplotype may enhance transcriptional activity of the gene promoter to regulate gene expression, thereby increasing intracellular SOCS3 protein level and ultimately interfering with insulin signaling and causing IR in patients with chronic hepatitis C.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Line, Tumor , Genes, Reporter , Genotype , Haplotypes , Hepatitis C, Chronic , Insulin Resistance , Luciferases , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein , Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling ProteinsABSTRACT
Objective To study effects of palm pressing peripherally inserted untral catheter(PICC) and mandible-pressing-on-shoulder on PICC′s misplacement in jugular veins during intubation. Methods Seventy-six patients undergoing intubation with PICC were randomized into observation group and control group equally by random digital table. The palm pressing PICC method was used in the observation group and the mandible-pressing-on-shoulder method was used in the control group. The two groups were compared in terms of the incidence of PICC misplacement. Result The misplacement rate of PICC in the experiment group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion Palm pressing method is much effective in prevention of PICC misplacement in jugular veins and worth promoting especially in hospitals of basic level.
ABSTRACT
Objective To improve the recognition for infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA-Ⅰ) and the level of early diagnosis,intervention and treatment for SMA-Ⅰ.Methods The clinical data of 39 patients with SMA-Ⅰ were analyzed retrospectively, including the clinical manifestations, neural electrophysiological characteristics, geno-type, diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of SMA-Ⅰ.Results Of the 39 cases with SMA-Ⅰ , 37 cases (94.9％) had onset in 6 months after birth.The paralyses of the limbs were symmetrical and flaccid.The lower was more severe than the upper , and the proximal was more severe than the distal, hypotonia and tendinous reflex disappears.Thirty-two cases (82.1％) had normal serum creatine kinase, and 7 cases (17.9％) increased slightly.Nerve electrophysiological examination showed that 169 (96.0％) had spontaneous potentials in 176 muscles.Of 160 limb muscles,35 (21.8％) released few motor unit potential (MUP) ,117 (73.1％) extended the duration of MUP and 104 (65.0％) increased the amplitude of M UP.Of 167 peripheral motor nerves, 160 (95.8％)decreased the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential and 162 (97.0％) had normal motor conduction velocity.Of 93 peripheral sensory nerves, 93 (100.0％) had normal range of the conduction.The gene detection showed that 38 cases had homozygous deletion of exon 7,8, and 1 case had homozygous deletion of exon 7 and heterozygous deletion of exon 8.In the effective follow-up of 30 cases,6 cases died in the 2-3 months after birth,4 cases died in 10 months after birth, 12 cases died in 12-18 months after birth.Six cases survived to 2 years old,2 cases survived to 3 years old,and all of them died of pulmonary infection.Conclusions There are typical clinical and nerve electrophysiological characteristics for SMA-I.Nerve electrophysiological examination can be used as an important method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis for SMA-I.Genetic testing can be used to identify the disease and make prenatal diagnosis.Through comprehensive intervention the quality of life can be improved in SMA-Ⅰ children.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:The kidney tissues easily affected exercise ischemia reperfusion, increased free radicals and inflammation, resulted in abnormal renal function after acute exercise. OBJECTIVE:To observe the influence of Blackcurrant Extract on the structure of kidney and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB at 24 hours after exhaustiveexercise. METHODS:A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10). Rats in the Blackcurrant Extract group were intragastricaly administered 0.44 g/kg Blackcurrant Extract. Rats in the quietness control group and 24-hour exhaustive exercise group were intragastricaly given an equal volume of distiled water for 6 consecutive weeks. Rats in the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group and Blackcurrant Extract group received no swimming motion until exhaustion fatigue after final intragastric administration. Twenty-four hours later, samples were obtained. Kidney tissue morphology and ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy and light microscopy. Protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB was detected using immunohistochemistry. Tumor necrosis factor-αmRNA and nuclear factor-κB mRNA expression was detected using RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the quietness control group, tumor necrosis factor-α protein and nuclear factor-κB protein expression in the kidney was higher in the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group, and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA and nuclear factor-κB mRNA expression was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group, tumor necrosis factor-α protein and nuclear factor-κB protein expression was lower in the Blackcurrant Extract group, and nuclear factor-κB mRNA expression was significantly decreased (P < 0.05); tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Kidney in the 24-hour exhaustive exercise group showed obvious morphological changes and ultrastructural damage. The structure of the kidney in the Blackcurrant Extract group tended to be normal. Results suggested that Blackcurrant Extract can repair the kidney tissue injury, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors, and prevent inflammatory damage in the kidney at 24 hours after exhaustive exercise.
ABSTRACT
Objectives To evaluate the association between serum cystatin C and carotid atherosclerosis.Methods Medical data,including physical examinations,serum levels of cystatin C,bilirubin,uric acid and other biochemical markers and duplex ultrasonographic scanning for the carotid artery,of 1741 healthy adults (1193 men and 548 women) who sought physical check-up at Peking Union Medical College Hospital during January 2010 and December 2011 were collected,and those with hypertension,diabetes and liver or renal function failure were excluded.Based on the results of carotid duplex uhrasonography,all the adults checked were assigned to two groups,one with thickened intima-media and atherosclerotic plaque (group A),the other with non-thickened intima-media and non-atherosclerotic plaque (group B).Difference in serum cystatin C,bilirubin,uric acid and other biochemical markers between the two groups was analyzed by using Student's t test.The correlation between the markers and carotid plaque was analyzed by using Spearman correlation analysis.The correlated factors of the carotid thickness and plaque appearance were analyzed by using unconditional Logistic regression analysis.Results Serum level of cystatin C was significantly increased in group A (t =-8.85,P ＜ 0.05).Thickness of carotid intima was positively correlated with serum cystatin C (r =0.21,P ＜ 0.05).In multivariate Logistic regression analysis,high level of serum cystatin C was not an independent risk factor of carotid atherosclerosis.Conclusion Relationship between serum cyatatin C and carotid atherosclerosis was not confirmed in our populations,which should be explored further in cohort studies.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the ent-kaurane diterpenoids from Rabdosia rubescens.MethodsThe compounds were isolated by chromatographies and their structures were identified by spectral analyses.ResultsFour compounds were isolated,and they were identified as bisrubescensin E (1),2α,3α,24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (2),2α,3α,24-trihydroxyurs-12,20-(30)-dien-28-oic acid (3),and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (4).ConclusionCompound 1 is a new asymmetric ent-kauranoid dimer.Compound 2 is isolated from the plant for the first time.Compounds 3 and 4 are isolated from the plants ofRabdosia (B1.) Hassk for the first time.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To observe the effects of sera containing Kang xian ling (a traditional Chinese medicine) on c-Met and its downstream MAPK signal molecules in HK-2 cells treated with transforming growth factor-β_1(TGF-β_1), so as to further explore the effective mechanism of anti-renal fibrosis of the traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS: Rat sera containing herbs were collected after rats were intragastrically administered with the herbs. HK-2 cells activated by TGF-β_1 were incubated with different heat-inactivated sera. The proliferation and expression of MAPK and the phosphorylation of MAPK in HK-2 cells were detected by Alarm blue and immunoblotting. RESULTS: No significant difference of cell proliferation between any two groups was observed. C-Met and the phosphorylation of its downstream molecules were also observed after incubated with different sera. CONCLUSION: The receptor c-Met of hepatocyte growth factor, and the phosphorylation of its downstream MAPK molecules can be regulated by the sera containing Kang xian ling.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of salvianolic-acid B (SA-B) on epithelia-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular cells (HK2), induced by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced with TGF-beta1 in HK2 cultured in vitro. Different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 20 microg x L(-1)) and stimulant periods (12, 24, 48 h) were tried to find the perfect condition for EMT. At the same time bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7, positive control) and the SA-B intervention were given to observe their effect on EMT. Western blot and immunofluorescent microscopy were used to analyze the expression of E-cadherin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in HK2.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>BMP-7 significantly inhibited the down-regulation of E-cadherin and the up-regulation of alpha-SMA induced by TGF-beta1 (P < 0.05), and SA-B significantly inhibited the up-regulation of alpha-SMA expression induced by TGF-beta1 (P < 0.05), but not the down-regulation of E-cadherin induced by TGF-beta1.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SA-B and BMP-7 can inhibit TGF-beta1-induced EMT in HK2. Their common role is to inhibit the up-regulation of alpha-SMA, and the effect of SA-B on the regulation of E-cadherin needs further study to be confirmed.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Benzofurans , Pharmacology , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 , Pharmacology , Cadherins , Metabolism , Cell Differentiation , Cell Line , Epithelial Cells , Pathology , Mesoderm , Pathology , Transforming Growth Factor beta1 , PharmacologyABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate the effects of Hua Yu Dao Zhi decoction (HYDZD) on renal interstitial fibrosis induced by gentamicin in rats. METHODS: 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (n=6), gentamicin group (n=13) and HYDZD+gentamicin group (n=13). The renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in rats was induced by gentamicin for 9 d. All rats were sacrificed on 30 d after modeling and renal tissues were stained with HE. The renal indexes were calculated and the changes of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total urinary protein in 24 h, and the level of α-SMA, Smad2, Smad7 were detected. RESULTS: Compared to control group, it was observed that there was mainly necrosis and partly degeneration in the renal tubular epithelial cells, proliferation of fibroblasts and infiltration of the inflammatory cells in the interstitial substance in gentamicin group under the light microscope. The renal indexes, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total urinary protein in 24 h, and the level of α-SMA, Smad2 were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.01) and the level of Smad7 was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01). Under the light microscope, the results of all mentioned above in HYDZD+gentamicin group were improved significantly (P<0.01), the level of α-SMA, Smad2 were significantly lower than those in gentamicin group (P<0.01). However, no significant difference of Smad7 protein expression between gentamicin group and HYDZD+gentamicin group was observed (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: HYDZD is very effective in preventing and treating renal interstitial fibrosis caused by gentamicin with the decreased level of Smad2.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of salvianolic acid B (SA-B) on renal interstitial fibrosis due to unilateral ureteral obstruction.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Thirty-six SD male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, 12 in each group, the sham-operated group, the model group and the SA-B treated group. The rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis was successfully established by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Rats in the SA-B treated group was intragastrically administrated with SA-B (12.5 mg x kg(-1)) daily after modeling. Rats of each group were killed respectively at day 14 and day 21 after UUO. Pathological changes of renal tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in kidney was determined with immunohistochemistry. And the expressions of cytokeratinl9 (ck19) mRNA in renal tissue were detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Renal interstitial fibrosis was obviously ameliorate in SA-B treated group. The expression of alpha-SMA was significantly decreased in SA-B treated group as compared with that in model group at day 14. And the expression of ck19 was significantly lower than that determined in model group at day 21.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SA-B could ameliorate renal interstial fibrosis due to UUO, probable by inhibiting epithelial-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation and the activation of myofibroblast.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Benzofurans , Disease Models, Animal , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Fibroblasts , Metabolism , Fibrosis , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Metabolism , Gene Expression , Keratin-19 , Genetics , Metabolism , Kidney Diseases , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Muscle, Smooth , Metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Kangxianling Decoction (KXLD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA and phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and p38 in renal tissue of rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). METHODS: Eighteen male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham-operated group, untreated group and KXLD-treated group. A rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established by UUO. Rats with UUO were sacrificed after intragastric administration of KXLD for 14 days, and the parameters such as serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and hydroxyproline in the kidney of rats in 3 groups were analyzed. The expression of HGF mRNA in kidney tissue was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expressions of c-Met protein, ERK1/2 protein, p38 protein and the phosphorylations of ERK1/2 and p38 were determined by Western blotting method. RESULTS: The levels of SCr, BUN and hydroxyproline in the untreated group were significantly increased as compared with those in the sham-operated group (P<0.05). The expression of HGF mRNA in the untreated group was significantly down-regulated. The expression of c-Met protein and the phosphorylations of ERK1/2 and p38 in the kidney tissue of rats with UUO in the untreated group were significantly up-regulated. After intervention with KXLD, the phosphorylations of ERK1/2 and p38 were all significantly inhibited except for c-Met expression. The HGF mRNA was increased in KXLD-treated group. CONCLUSION: KXLD can decrease the level of collagen in the obstructed kidney of rats with UUO and alleviate the renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with UUO through enhancing the HGF mRNA expression and inhibiting the phosphorylations of ERK1/2 and p38.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To summarize the clinical effect of compound glycyrrhizin(CG)on SARS.METHODS:The clin?ical data of73patients with clinically diagnosed SARS(37cases were treated by CG)were prospectively analysed.RESULTS:After CG treatment,the symptoms of dry cough,chest distress and dyspnea improved quickly and the elevated serum level of aminotransferase decreased.The maximal dosages of corticosteroids used in CG group and control group were(354.3?219.8)mg/d and(430?262.6)mg/d,respectively.The average time to occurrence of antibody,duration for reduction of corticosteroid dosage and duration of hospital stay were shorter in CG group than those in control group.There was no significant difference in titer value of antibody between two groups.CG had little effects on WBC,blood sugar and electrolytes.CONCLUSION:CG may be a promising drug against SARS with less side effect.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To study the effect of Kang Xianling decoction,comprised of dahuang,danshen,taoren,niuxi and danggui,on TGF-?1-Smad pathway in unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model.METHODS: Eighteen male SD rats were divided into 3 groups,sham group,model group and model group treated with Kang Xianling decoction randomly.Renal interstitial fibrosis model was established in rats by unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO).After treatment for additional 14 d,parameters of hydroxyproline in obstructed kidney from 3 groups were analyzed.Rats were sacrificed and the pathological statuses of their kidneys were checked by HE staining and electron microscopy.Transforming growth factor-?1(TGF-?1) mRNA in kidney tissue was determined by RT-PCR.TGF-?1 receptor Ⅰ(T?RⅠ),TGF-?1 receptorⅡ(T?RⅡ),phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad2 protein were determined by Western blotting.RESULTS: Parameters of hydroxyproline in animals of model group were significantly increased than those in sham operation group(P
ABSTRACT
AIM: To examine the MSI and LOH of locus D17S396 and their influence on the expression of nm23-H1 in gallbladder tumors, and to examine the protein expression of hMLH1/hMSH2, which may provide experimental evidence for the tumor occurrence and metastasis. METHODS: Techniques such as DNA extraction, CR-SSCP, ordinary silver stain were used to study MSI and LOH of locus D17S396. Envision IHC was used to assess the expression of nm23-H1 and hMLH1/hMSH2.RESULTS: ① The frequency of heredity instability of gallbladder carcinoma was 42.55%. The frequency of LOH in liver and lymph node metastasis cases and in stage Nevin IV and V was significantly higher than that without metastasis and stage I, II and III. However, the frequency of MSI showed contrary correlation with some clinicopathologic characteristics. ② The expression of nm23-H1 was 46.81%. The case with lymph node metastasis and Nevin stage IV and V showed significantly lower expression than that without lymph node metastasis and stage I, II and III. ③ The expressions of hMLH1 and hMSH2 were 51.06% and 42.55% respectively. hMLH1 in lymph node and liver metastasis cases and in stage Nevin IV and V were significantly lower than that without metastasis and in stage I, II and III. ④ Positive frequency of hMLH1 in MSI positive group was higher than that in MSI negative group. The positive frequency of nm23-H1 and hMSH2 protein in LOH positive group was lower than that in negative group.CONCLUSION: The heredity instability of nm23-H1 gene may be implicated pathogenesis and progression of gallbladder carcinoma. Both MSI and LOH of nm23-H1 control the development of gallbladder carcinoma independently in different paths. Abnormal expression of hMLH1/hMSH2 may be a molecule marker in early stage of gallbladder carcinoma.
ABSTRACT
AIM:The aim of this study was to examine the microstatellite instability(MSI)and loss of heterozygosity(LOH)of locus D17S396 on chromosome 17 and their influence on the expression of nm23H1 in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),which may provide experimental evidence for the mechanism of nm23H1 gene and tumor metastasis.METHODS:Techniques such as DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues,PCR-SSCP,ordinary silver stain were used to study MSI and LOH of locus D17S396.Envision immunohistochemistry and Leica-Qwin computer imaging techniques were used to assess the expression of nm23H1.RESULTS:① The frequency of heredity instability of HCCs was 35.42%.The frequency of LOH in the cases with lymph node or distant organs metastasis or not and with intrahepatic metastasis or embolus of portal vein or not was significantly different(P