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1.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 65(6): 533-540, 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-443092

ABSTRACT

Durante el embarazo y la lactancia la mujer debe formar y mantener el esqueleto del feto y del neonato, lo que demanda importantes adaptaciones hormonales y metabólicas. La absorción intestinal de calcio aumenta desde el inicio del embarazo siendo máxima en los últimos trimestres. Se produceuna hipercalciuria que desaparece al suspender la lactancia. El calcio de la leche proviene de la reducción ensu excreción urinaria y de un aumento de la resorción ósea. Las oncentraciones de 1,25 (OH)(2) D(3) se duplican desde el comienzo del embarazo manteniéndose elevadas hasta el parto, debido a un aumento de la actividad de la 1-alfa-hidroxilasa placentaria, normalizándose durante la lactancia. Los estrógenos, prolactina y lactógeno placentario, hormonas implicadas en el aumento de la absorción intestinal de calcio, aumentan conjuntamente.La parathormona (PTH) se mantiene en rango normal o bajo, por lo tanto sus acciones fisiológicas serían ejercidas por el péptido relacionado con la PTH (PTHrP), cuyos niveles aumentan tardíamente en el embarazo y permanecen elevados durante el parto y la lactancia. La calcitonina se eleva durante el embarazo, cae durante la lactancia, y se normaliza al finalizar la misma. El papel fisiológico del factor de necrosis tumoral, interleuquina 1, interleuquina 6 y osteoprotegerina todavía no han sido aclarados. Los cambios analizados favorecen,en casos excepcionales, el desarrollo de osteoporosis generalizada y regional. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la bibliografía publicada sobre la fisiopatología y clínica de estas entidades.


During pregnancy and lactation women have to form and maintain fetus and newborn skeleton. These processes require maternal hormonal and metabolic adjustments. During the first weeks of pregnancy, calcium intestinal absorption rise and reach a maximum in the last trimester. Hypercalciuria can be detected until lactation is stopped. During lactation, calcium that is present in maternal milk, results from lowering maternal calcium excretion and increasing bone resorption. Plasma 1,25 (OH)(2) D(3) levels increase two-fold early in pregnancy due to high placental 1-alpha-hydroxilase activity, remain high until delivery and decline to normal values during lactation. Estrogen, prolactin and placental lactogen, which are involved in calcium absorption, increase at the same time. Normal or even low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) can be detected during pregnancy. This suggests that their physiological actions could be mimicked by the parathyroid- related-peptide (PTHrP), which increases in late stages of pregnancy and remain high during delivery and lactation. Calcitonin levels increase during pregnancy, decline during lactation and return to normal values after lactation is stopped. The physiological roll of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6 and osteoprotegerin has not been elucidated yet. The above mentioned changes can exceptionally lead to generalized or regional osteoporosis. The aim of this article is to review the published bibliography concerning the physiopathology of these diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Pregnancy Complications/metabolism , Lactation/metabolism , Osteoporosis/metabolism , Absorptiometry, Photon , Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Calcium/metabolism , Calcium/therapeutic use , Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology , Pregnancy Complications , Bone Density/physiology , Phosphorus/metabolism , Parathyroid Hormone/metabolism , Lactation/physiology , Osteoporosis/physiopathology , Osteoporosis , Bone Resorption/etiology , Bone Resorption/metabolism , Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology , Vitamin D/metabolism , Vitamin D/therapeutic use
2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 65(6): 489-494, 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-443102

ABSTRACT

Tanto la osteoporosis generalizada como la regional son enfermedades que excepcionalmente seasocian con el embarazo. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar nuestra experiencia en el diagnósticoy tratamiento de estas afecciones. Entre 1984 y 2004 consultaron seis puérperas por osteoporosis y dospor osteoporosis regional. En el primer grupo tres pacientes refirieron fracturas vertebrales y las restantes gravedesmineralización detectada por densitometría ósea (DEXA). Los síntomas comenzaron en el tercer trimestre o en el posparto inmediato. Cinco eran primíparas mientras que una era multípara y había amamantado porun tiempo prolongado. Los factores de riesgo detectados fueron: baja ingesta láctea, delgadez, osteoporosisfamiliar, amenorreas, tabaquismo y corticoterapia. El laboratorio mostró recambio óseo acelerado. La DEXAdocumentó marcada desmineralización especialmente en esqueleto axial. En todas se interrumpió la lactanciay se indicaron drogas anti-resortivas en cuatro, estrógenos en una y sólo calcio y vitamina D en otra. Todas, menos una, evolucionaron favorablemente independientemente del tratamiento utilizado. Dos pacientes consultaronpor dolor y limitación funcional progresiva durante el embarazo, en cadera izquierda y pie derecho respectivamente. La DEXA mostró desmineralización del lado afectado. El diagnóstico de osteoporosis regionalse confirmó por resonancia magnética nuclear. Los informes de laboratorio indicaron aumento del turnover óseo.Ambas fueron tratadas exitosamente con reposo y bifosfonatos.


Both generalized and regional osteoporosis exceptionally occur during pregnancy and lactation. The aim of this paper is to show our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. From 1984 to 2004 six lactating women with osteoporosis and two with regional osteoporosis consulted us. In the former group, three patients had vertebral fractures and the others experienced substantial demineralization detected by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In all cases, symptoms began during the third trimester of pregnancy or immediately after delivery. Five of them were primiparous and one was multiparous with a long period of lactation. Risk factors were: low calcium intake, low weight, family history of osteoporosis, amenorrhea, cigarette consumption and corticosteroid therapy. Laboratory tests evidenced increased bone turnover. DXA scan showed substantial demineralization, particularly in axial skeleton. Lactation was interrupted in all women and four received anti-resorptive drugs, one estrogen and only calcium plus vitamin D the remaining. All of them, but one, evolved successfully. The women affected by regional osteoporosis complained of unilateral pain and progressive functional limitation of right foot and left hip respectively. Reduced bone mineral density at symptomatic sites was seen by DXA. Diagnosis was confirmed by typical magnetic resonance imaging pattern. Both patients cured with rest and bisphosfonates treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Adult , Female , Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology , Lactation/physiology , Osteoporosis/physiopathology , Absorptiometry, Photon , Breast Feeding/adverse effects , Calcium/analysis , Calcium/therapeutic use , Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy , Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy , Bone Density/physiology , Femur Neck , Follow-Up Studies , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Spine , Vitamin D/therapeutic use
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