ABSTRACT
Introduction: Stress has been recognized as serious health problem among nurses. It declines the quality and standard of living with a great deterrence in health of its victims
Objectives: To determine prevalence, severity and various stressors related to nurses everyday life
Methods: Hospital based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2015 in two tertiary care teaching hospitals of Karachi. The study was carried out on 265 registered nurses, having valid license by Pakistan Nursing Council. The subjects were approached by convenient nonprobability method. After taking written consent, semi-structured and pre-tested occupational stress questionnaire was used to obtain the data about various stressors related directly to nurse's everyday life. Significant level was considered at a p value of 0.05
Results: The study results revealed that majority of studied nurses 160[60.4%] were female and 148 [55.8%] were married. 201[75.8%] had completed the diploma in nursing while 62[23.4%] had graduated their Post RN BSN. Out of total sample, 26 [9.8%] nurses were working as a head nurse while 239 [90%] as staff nurse. The study reveals through the participants' data that everyday life stress falls into three dimensions with their varying percentages as mild stress was found in 25.3%, moderate in 39.6% and severe stress in 35.1% of the participants
Conclusion: The study result concluded that majority of nurses irrespective of their demographic characteristic have moderate or severe everyday life stress which may put negative effects on their both personal and professional responsibilities
ABSTRACT
To compare the duration of postoperative analgesia and side effects of caudal tramadol - bupivacaine with ketamine - bupivacaine in children. Randomised controlled trial. Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuwait Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from September 2010 to March 2011.Thirty four children, American Society of Anesthesiologist [ASA] physical status 1 and 2, aged 3-8 year undergoing inguinoscrotal surgeries were randomly assigned to receive a caudal injection of either tramadol 2mg/kg plus bupivacaine 0.5 mg/kg of 0.25% [group- A, n=17] or ketamine 1 mg/kg plus bupivacaine 0.5 mg/kg of 0.25% [group- B, n17] immediately after induction of general anesthesia. No analgesics were given intraoperatively. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated by modified objective pain scoring system [MOPS] and sedation was assessed by five point sedation score at predetermined time point. Postoperative analgesia was supplemented with syrup paracetamol or syrup ibuprofen when [MOPS] was = 4. Cardiorespiratory data, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, psychomotor effects and motor block were recorded in all patients. Caudal tramadol with bupivacaine produced significantly increased postoperative analgesia. The duration of postoperative analgesia was 17.88 +/- 1,96 hours in tramadol- bupivacaine group as compared to 12.05 +/- 1.63 hours in ketamine - bupivacaine group. The sedation score was high in tramadol - bupivacaine group only during 1[st] hour postoperatively. No other side effects like respiratory depression, urinary retention, pruritus were found in any group. The demand for rescue analgesia was high [n=2.41 +/- 0.50] in ketamine - bupivacaine group as compared to tramdol-bupivacaine group [n=0.41 +/- 0.6]. Four children in ketamin - bupivacaine group experienced psychomotor effects. Caudal tramadol-bupivacaine provided longer time of postoperative analgesia without having significant side effects but with higher sedation score for one hour postoperatively