Sporicidal activity of some disinfectants against clostridium perfringens isolated from broiler poultry litter

Necrotic enteritis and the subclinical form of Clostridium perfringens infection in poultry are caused by C. perfringens type A, producing the alpha toxin, and to a lesser extent type C, producing both alpha toxin and beta toxin C and have become serious threats to poultry health. This study was undertaken to determine the activity of 4 commonly available disinfectants against C. perfringens spores after 5,7.5,10,15,30 and 60 minutes of contact under dirty conditions, Of the 4 products tested, calcium hypochlorite 1% and Germicidan KOK 4% achieved the required reduction in microbial viability [>/=10[3]-fold] for relatively long contact times of 30 min, under dirty [3% yeast] conditions, One product [Biosentury 904, 2% conc] achieved the required reduction in microbial viability [>/=10[3]-fold] for contact times of 10 minutes, while Prophyl 75,1% concentration. achieved the required reduction in microbial viability [>/=10[3]-fold] for contact times of 5minutes.Upon addition of formic acid 2% and urea 1% the required reduction improved for [Biosentury 904, 2% conc] and Prophyl 75,1% concentration and achieved after 5 minutes and after 7.5 minutes for Germicidan KOK 4% while calcium hypochlorite was not improved by addition of formic acid 2% or urea 1%. Application of surface test using the four disinfectants was used alone and in combination with formic acid 2% or urea 1% showed nearly the same results obtained in the suspension test

Epidemiological study on the impact of vaccination programs on antigenic relatedness, genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1

Two HPAI H5N1 viruses were isolated from vaccinated layer and broiler commercial poultry farms in Egypt at years 2011 and 2013; respectively. By phylogenetic analysis, the viruses fall into two genetically diverse clades: [i] A/chicken/Egypt/VRLCU67/2011 classified as a variant virus, clade 2.2.1.1; and [ii] A/chicken/Egypt/13VIR3729-4/2013 classified as a classic virus, clade 2.2.1. Cross HI-test confirmed that the reaction between the two viruses is weak; furthermore, it showed the antigenic diversity between viruses belong to different clades and antigenic groups. Antigenic relatedness was calculated between six AI antigens and their antisera representing the different clades and antigenic groups circulated in Egyptian field; including the A/chicken/Egypt/VRLCU67/2011 strain which showed very low R-values with the other viruses' groups; ranging from 17 % to zero. Results demonstrated the genetic and antigenic diversity of the variant viruses and how can the vaccine seed be a weak point in the vaccination program that could be broken by the drifted viruses antigenically distant from the vaccine strain

Effect of infectious bursal disease field vaccines on avian influenza vaccination immunity

Traditional live Infectious Bursal Disease virus [1DDV] vaccines were thought to have some v-4 degree of adverse effect on the bursa of fabricous of chickens, which in turn may interfere with antibody production against other poultry vaccines. In this study, 15 broiler flocks vaccinated -; against avian influenza [AI] virus were sampled for serum. The flocks have received IBDV vaccination either from the conventional live vaccines or with the new recombinant subunit vaccine. Haemagglutination inhibition [HI] test was carried on sera using different AI antigens. Sera measured by the variant A/chicken/EgypWRLCU67/2011 [H5N1] isolate showed significant difference [P<0.05] between mean HI titers of bird vaccinated by traditional IBDV. vaccines and titers of those vaccinated with the subunit vaccine. Results indicate that live IBDV vaccines may affect the efficacy of AI vaccine, and the study encourages the use of the field AI isolates for reliable interpretation of HI test results

Occurrence of West Nile Fever in equine, birds, human and mosquitoes in Beheira Province

A total of 257 serum samples including, equine [56], birds [95] and human [106] were collected from rural area in Behera Province during the period extended from the beginning of June to the end of October 2013 to be examined for presence of antibodies against West Nile virus by ELISA. In addition, a total of 943 mosquitoes [25 mosquitoes groups] were collected by CDC light trap from the same place and during the same period where homogenized tissue samples of mosquitoes were obtained to be examined for presence of viral RNA of WNV by real time RT-PCR. The serological examination of serum samples clarified that the prevalence of IgG antibodies against WNV was 100, 4.2 and 58.5% in equine, birds and human serum samples, respectively. Moreover, some epidemiological aspects of human samples were studied including gender, age and health status. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in detection of IgG antibodies against WNFV in different genders where the higher detection rate was observed in females [42.30%], than in males [35%], in different age groups where the higher detection rate was observed in age group 40 - < 60 years [83.33%] followed by age group 20 - <40 years [42.85%], then the age group 60 - < 80 [37.50%] and the least detection rate of IgG was observed in age group 1 - < 20 years [16.66%] and in health status where the highest detection rate was recorded in meningitis patients [80.9%] followed by FUO patients [64.4%] and lastly apparent healthy individuals [40%]. On the other side, real time RT-PCR examination of samples of mosquitoes clarified no detection of the viral RNA of WNV in all examined samples. The obtained results confirmed the endimicity of WNV in equine in Egypt and the role played by birds in transmission of WNV to human. Although, examined mosquitoes were found to negative for presence of the viral RNA, their role in transmission of WNV could not denied

Inactivation of avian influenza virus using commercial chemical disinfectants in small scale poultry production

Two commercial chemical disinfectants which are commonly used currently in the Egyptian markets were tested individually for effectiveness against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus [HPAIV]A/chicken/Egypt/13VIR3729/4/2013 [H5N1]., which currently hit the Egyptian poultry farms at 2013, The tested agents were sodium hypochlorite 5% available chlorine [NaOCL] and PERACLEAN 5%[registered][Peroxyacetic Acid4.9% and hydrogen peroxide 26.5%]. The test was performed in accordance to the guidelines of American environmental protection agency [EPA], using a carrier test with surfaces [coupons] designed specially to mimic the poultry house floor and made from concrete cement, [under dirty condition resembled phase two, step two of European Committee for Standardization [CEN]. At room temperature which mimic the field condition in the Egyptian poultry farms, both sodium hypochlorite with concentration [250ppm], and PERACLEAN 5%[registered]with concentration [1%], were not able to inactivate the virus after 5 minutes contact time, while inactivation was achieved within 30 minutes contact time, which proved one of the golden rules when applying a disinfectant, that was allowing the increase of contact time between the disinfectant and influenza virus

Epidemiological studies on some zoonotic enteric protozoa in different arabs of Nile delta

This study aimed to investigate some epidemiological aspects related to the occurrence of some zoonotic enteric protozoa in different areas of Nile Delta. A total of 807 stool and fecal samples [251 stool samples from diarrheic children under six years old, 254, and 250 fecal samples from diarrheic and apparently healthy pre-weaned calves and lambs, respectively in addition to 52 fecal samples from dogs] were collected from different localities in Behera and Menoufia Governorates for detection of Cryptospridium spp., Giardia spp. and Entamoeba histolytica]. Cryptosporidium spp. has been detected by using modified Ziel-Nelssen Stain [MZN] in [30[11.95%]; 26 [10.24%];31[12.4%] and 2[3.84%]] of the examined stool and fecal samples from children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both Governorates. There were significant relationships between infection of the examined calves to their age and healthy status. The same relation was noticed in concern with the examined children. Results of MZN were confirmed by using ELISA which was found to be sensitive [overall sensitivity 96.6%]. By using direct smear and formal ether method, Giardia intestinals has been detected in [27[10.76%]; 51[20.08%]; 63[252%] and 5 [9.62%]] of stool and fecal samples from the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively from both Governorates. In spite of the higher sensitivity of PCR than MZN for detection of C. parvum in fecal specimens especially when oocysts are scanty, the high cost of reagents and lack of expensive instruments which are not available in all clinical laboratories render MZN staining technique acceptable and reliable. It can be concluded that cattle, sheep and dogs are important reservoirs for cryptosporidium to man. Calves, lambs and dogs seem to be important sources for Giardia intestinalis to man. Entamoeba histolytica has been detected in [19[7.56%]; 0 [0] and 2[3.84%] of stool and fecal samples of the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both governorates. Dogs are regarded as an important source of Entamoeba histolytica to man