Transarterial chemoembolization, ablation, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapy (TATI): A novel treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. Currently, the main effective treatment options for HCC include resection, liver transplantation, various percutaneous modalities (such as transarterial chemoembolization [TACE] and thermal ablation), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Herein, we have proposed a novel therapy which consists of TACE, ablation, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapy (TATI) for patients with advanced HCC). We reported the therapeutic effects of TATI in four patients with advanced HCC. All patients underwent TACE treatment at the beginning of disease diagnosis. During follow-up, all patients were treated with microwave ablation because of a residual tumor or recurrence. For tumor control, apatinib, a TKI, was administered after ablation. If the tumor was resistant to the TKI, we continued to apatinib therapy in combination with immunotherapy (camrelizumab). All the four patients had better survival benefits and no serious adverse effects

Camrelizumab combined with microwave ablation improves the objective response rate in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Aim: The present study evaluated the safety and efficacy of camrelizumab (a programmed death-1 antibody) in combination with microwave ablation (MWA) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients were prospectively enrolled. MWA was performed in 25 pulmonary lesions during 21 sessions. Camrelizumab was administered 5–7 days after MWA as a dose of 200 mg, which was repeated every 2 weeks until disease progression or intolerable toxicities. The primary endpoints were safety and the objective response rate (ORR). Other endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: The technical success rate was 100%. No treatment-associated deaths were identified. Major complications, minor complications, and side effects of MWA were observed in 9, 8, and 14 patients, respectively. The main major complications included pneumothorax, pneumonia, hemorrhage, and pleural effusion. The adverse events of camrelizumab included reactive skin capillary hyperplasia (n = 9), hypothyroidism (n = 5), pneumonia (n = 4), fatigue (n = 2), leukopenia (n = 1), and neutropenia (n = 1). Grade 2 and 3 camrelizumab adverse events were identified in eight and three patients, respectively. The ORR was 33.3%, with two patients achieving complete response and five patients achieving partial response. The median PFS was 5.1 months and OS was not reached. Conclusions: Camrelizumab administration combined with MWA was safe in the treatment of advanced NSCLC, and the combination improved the ORR of camrelizumab alone compared to previous reports

Salvage therapy of reactive capillary hemangiomas: Apatinib alleviates the unique adverse events induced by camrelizumab in non-small cell lung cancer

Background: Camrelizumab is a promising anti-programmed cell death-1 agent for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and induces reactive capillary hemangiomas (RCHs). Routine clinical management of this unique and prevalent toxicity has been summarized in previous studies. The objective of this study was to provide evidence of apatinib as a salvage therapy for RCHs. Materials and Methods: In this single-center, observational study, patients with NSCLC who were over 18 years of age and treated with camrelizumab were enrolled. The incidence of RCHs, onset and duration time, severity, evolution, and clinical practices, especially with apatinib, for their management and impact on quality of life, were recorded during a 6-month follow-up. Results: A total of 28 patients were included. The incidence of RCHs was 28.6% (8/28). The median onset and duration time were 6 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. Six (21.4%) patients had mild and moderate RCHs and four (9.3%) patients achieved a rapid regression of RCHs with the application of apatinib. The impact of the RCHs on quality of life was limited and assessed with Dermatology Life Quality Index scores. No treatment-associated termination was observed. Conclusion: The combination of camrelizumab and apatinib in the treatment of NSCLC reduced the incidence of RCHs. Apatinib appeared to be a salvage therapy of RCHs, which leads to rapid regression of RCHs with no impairment on the quality of life

Diagnostic ability of percutaneous core biopsy immediately after microwave ablation for lung ground-glass opacity

Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the diagnostic ability of percutaneous core biopsy immediately after microwave ablation (MWA) for lung ground-glass opacity (GGO). Materials and Methods: Seventy-four patients with 74 lung GGOs were enrolled and treated with MWA. A percutaneous core needle biopsy was performed pre- and immediately post-MWA. All biopsy specimens were histologically examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunostaining. Histologically, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and invasive adenocarcinoma (AC) were identified as positive, while chronic inflammation or normal lung tissue was identified as negative. Results: The outcomes of pre-MWA histological diagnosis were AAH (n = 4), AIS (n = 16), MIA (n = 14), AC (n = 29), chronic inflammation (n = 2), and lung tissue (n = 9) with an 85.1% (63/74) positive diagnosis rate. The outcomes of the immediately post-MWA histological diagnosis were AAH (n = 5), AIS (n = 10), MIA (n = 11), AC (n = 29), chronic inflammation (n = 1), and lung tissue (n = 18) with a 74.3% (55/74) positive diagnosis rate. There was no significant difference in the positive diagnosis rate between the pre- and immediately post-MWA groups (P = 0.10). The outcomes of the combined diagnosis of pre- and immediately post-MWA were AAH (n = 4), AIS (n = 16), MIA (n = 16), AC (n = 31), chronic inflammation (n = 2), and lung tissue (n = 5) with a positive diagnosis rate of 90.5% (67/74), which was higher than that by pre-MWA biopsy (P < 0.05). The main complications were pneumothorax (n = 45, 60.8%), hemoptysis (n = 24, 32.4%), pleural effusion (n = 39, 52.7%), and pulmonary infection (n = 10, 13.5%). Conclusions: Immediately post-MWA core biopsy has promising efficacy for histological diagnosis of lung GGOs.

Apatinib and S-1 combination therapy for the treatment of advanced head and neck neoplasms: Three case reports

Apatinib, one of the novel oral antiangiogenic agents, shows survival benefits in treating advanced or metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. However, its efficacy in treating advanced head and neck neoplasms has not been reported. Herein, three elderly men with advanced head and neck neoplasms were treated with apatinib and S-1. Their initial diagnoses were hypopharyngeal carcinoma, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck, and squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. All patients underwent repeated chemotherapy but developed disease progression. As they refused radiotherapy due to its serious adverse reaction, apatinib was administered at a dose of 425 mg daily and S-1 at 60 mg twice daily. Thirty days after apatinib administration, the patients achieved partial response according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 standard. Mild toxicity or drug-related side effect was observed during the treatment. Therefore, apatinib and S-1 could be the new treatment option for advanced head and neck neoplasms. However, clinical trials are required to confirm their efficacy and safety.

Experimental study in vivo ablation of swine pancreas using high-intensity focused ultrasound

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for ablation of swine pancreas and to detect the pathological variations in pancreas damage. Materials and Methods: (a) Eight swine were involved and randomly divided into two groups (Group A and B). HIFU was applied on swine in both groups for in vivo ablation of pancreas. The animals were anesthetized, and the artificial acoustic window was built. Then, the irradiation of FEP-BY02 type HIFU on pancreas was applied. (b) Swine in Group A were euthanized immediately after treating with HIFU to examine variations in pancreas. The biochemical evidence of pancreatitis was evaluated by blood samples collected from swine in Group B before and after HIFU. Then, the pancreas of swine in Group B was euthanized on day 5 after treatment to examine the pancreas. All specimens were visually inspected for both ultrasonic focal damage region (UFDR) and pathological routine by a skilled pathologist. Results: (a) The vital signs of all animals were stable during HIFU treatment and recovered well after treatment. (b) UFDR were observed in all HIFU irradiation region of the specimens, without significant size difference between the two groups. The coagulation nucleus pyknosis, cytochylema vacuolation, and nucleus membrane disruption were observed after HIFU in both groups. Membranous structure dissolution and inflammatory cell infiltration were also found after HIFU in swine of Group B. (c) There was no significant difference in the levels of blood amylase in swine of Group B before and after HIFU treatment. Conclusions: It was feasible and safe to use HIFU for ablation of the pancreas in swine

Association of mRNA Expression Level of IP-10 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with HBV-associated Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure and Its Prognosis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure is prevalent in mainland China.The prognosis of HBV-ACLF is poor.The mortality of HBV-ACLF is approximately 80％.Therefore,a prognostic indicator was needed in order to allow us to intervene as soon as possible.The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scoring system is widely used to predict the prognosis of liver failure.However,the assessment is too complex to restrict its application.This study aimed to investigate the expression ofIP-10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC),in order to explore the relationship between the expression and prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF.The mRNA level of IP-10 in PBMCs were analyzed in 80 patients with HBV-ACLF,40 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)and 40 healthy people by fluorescent quantitative PCR.IP-10 mRNA level was significantly higher in the HBV-ACLF group than in the other two groups (P＜0.01).Group with MELD score below 30 had lower IP-10 mRNA level than group with MELD score over 30 (P＜0.05).The IP-10 mRNA level in PBMCs in positive group was higher than that in negative group (P＜0.01).With a threshold of 0.925,the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.815.These findings suggest that assessment of IP-10 mRNA level in the PBMCs would be helpful for evaluating the disease severity and prognosis in patients with HBV-ACLF.