Impact of Sildenafil on Smooth Muscle and Blood Vessels by Using Light and Electron Microscopy.

The present study aimed to examine the histological changes in the smooth muscles of corpus cavernosum and veins of rats as an eventual outcome of the ceaseless use of Sildenafil citrate. The comparison of the histological aftereffects of the veins among the control and experimental groups revealed extended thickness of tunica intima and media, as exhibited by a picture analyzer. The findings indicated that the steady usage of Sildenafil reduced smooth muscles and enabled the growth of collagen fibers in corpus cavernosum of penis and mass of veins.

Role of multisclice and virtual cystoscopy versus ultrasound and color doppler study in evaluation of urinary bladder neoplasms

The virtual cystoscopy and the color Doppler examinations are good modalities in assessment of the urinary bladder neoplasms. This study is done to assess the accuracy of CTVC and color Doppler ultrasound in detection of the urinary bladder neoplasms. The examination was done between June 2010 and December 2012 on 60 patients known or suspected to have urinary bladder neoplasm. They were examined using CTVC and color Doppler ultrasound. Bladder scanned using multislice CT at a slice thickness of 1 mm. The data were transferred to a workstation for interactive navigation. Findings obtained from CTVC and ultrasound were compared with results from conventional cystoscopy and with pathological findings. By the conventional cystoscopy; the 43 patients in the group A showed 53 lesions. There were [35/43 patients] with single lesion while there were [8/43 patients] more than one lesion. While the other 17 patients in group B showed 11 patient with no focal lesions and 6 patients with 6 focal lesions. By virtual cystoscopy; 56 lesions were detected in both groups; 51 plus 5 lesions in group A and B respectively. There were 3 false negative lesions with a failure rate of 3/56. By ultrasound; 56 lesions were detected in both groups; 53 plus 3 lesions respectively. So in virtual cystoscopy and ultrasound the results were as follows: positive predictive values: 100%; negative predictive value: 78.6%; sensitivity: 94.9%; specificity: 100%. Although the definitive diagnosis of some suspected urinary bladder tumors is only possible with conventional cystoscopy and biopsy, CTVC and color Doppler ultrasound are a minimally or non-invasive techniques which provide beneficial information about urinary bladder lesions

effect of melatonin on the testes of rats treated with cyclophosphamide: histological and immunohistochemical study

Cyclophosphamide [CP] is used extensively as a chemotherapeutic and an immunosuppressive agent during organ transplantation. However, its clinical utility is limited by adverse actions on the human reproductive system. Melatonin is detected in the human and animal reproductive system, hence assumed to play a useful role in the reproductive cells. To examine the effect of melatonin on the histological and immunohistochemical changes that appear in the cells of the testes of albino rats treated with CP. Forty-two adult male albino rats were classified into group I [control], subgroups IIa and IIIa [CP by an intraperitoneal injection for 2 and 5 weeks, respectively], subgroups IIb and IIIb [CP and melatonin by an intraperitoneal injection for 2 and 5 weeks, respectively], and subgroups IIc and IIIc [CP for 2 and 5 weeks and left for 2 and 5 weeks for recovery, respectively]. The rats were weighed, sacrificed, and the right testes were weighed and processed for paraffin sections. A histological study was carried out using H and E and Masson's trichrome. Immunohistochemical study using the BCL2 antiapoptotic onchoprotein and a morphometric study were carried out. A significant decrease was found in the mean body weight in subgroups IIa, IIIa, and IIIc and in the mean testicular weight in group III. There were distortions in some seminiferous tubules, degeneration of spermatogenic cells, perivascular and intertubular fibrosis, and negative immunoexpression of BCL2. These changes were more marked in group III than in group II. The use of melatonin in subgroups [IIb, IIIb] conferred partial protection against all of the above-mentioned changes. Prolonged administration of CP to rats can induce testicular lesions. Withdrawal of the drug does not ameliorate this effect. The concomitant administration of melatonin with CP led to a partial improvement in testicular lesions induced by CP

Geometric study of the common carotid artery in hypertensive and normotensive persons

In the present study, Doppler ultrasonography was done for the right common carotid artery [CCA] of 30 persons with essential hypertension and 20 normotensive [control] persons matched for age, sex and body size. The results revealed a sort of geometric adaptation of the CCA in response to essential uncomplicated hypertension. This was characterized by a statistically significant increase in wall thickness, decrease in systolic expansion [elasticity] and an increase in diameter with no change in blood velocity. The presence of bilateral asymmetry in the diameter of both CCAs was not only demonstrated by ultrasonography but also by angiography and cadaveric examination. The right CCA was found to have a larger diameter of about 82% in ultrasonography and 73% in cadavers and angiography

Morphometric and histological study of the kidney in healthy and diabetic egyptians

In the present study sonographic renal dimensions were recorded in 76 normal male and female Egyptian subjects to assess the normal sonographic renal dimensions in the Egyptian population. The correlation between the renal length and volume with the subject's age, sex, height, weight and body surface area [BSA] was also studied. The renal length, width, thickness and renal volume of the left kidney were found to be larger than the right one. The renal length of the left kidney in females was found to be significantly smaller than that in males. A positive correlation was found between the renal length and renal volume with the body surface area [BSA], the height and the weight of the subject. The increase of the BSA, the height or the weight of the subject was associated with an increase in his renal length and volume. However, the age of the subject does not correlate significantly with his renal length and volume. Moreover from the present work standard graphs were plotted correlating the renal length with the subject's height; these graphs could be of help to estimate the ideal sonographic renal length in an Egyptian subject according to his height. A comparison between the sonographic renal length for Egyptians and the international values cited in the textbooks, revealed a statistically significant difference being smaller in the Egyptian males and females. The renal length in 20 diabetic patients was significantly smaller than in normal subjects. The size and the number of glomeruli in 2 groups of large and small cadaveric kidneys were compared in histological sections. Although there was a highly significant difference in the size of glomeruli between the 2 groups however, their number didn't show significant difference. The present work concluded that the height, weight and BSA of the subject must be put into consideration during ultrasonographic examination, and that the glomerular size should be correlated with the renal length during microscopical examination of the renal biopsy