The Potential of Gallic Acid as a Radiosensitizer on Human Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies

@#Prostate adenocarcinoma accounts for majority of prostate cancer cases, and it was found to be highly radioresistant. Gallic acid is a phenolic acid naturally occurring in many plants, reported to exhibit biological activities in eliminating cancer cell lines and xenografts. The purpose of this study is to review gallic acid as a potential radiosensitizer agent in prostate cancer treatment. Article search was conducted in PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus. 11 studies using different cell lines including DU145, PC-3, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 xenograft of human prostate cancer were reviewed in this paper. Gallic acid acts as a radiosensitizer mainly by increasing caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation resulting in apoptosis, while also reducing intracellular CDKs, cyclins, and cdc25 phosphatases ultimately causing G2-M cell cycle arrest. Gallic acid has a potential to be a new radiosensitizer compound in prostate cancer treatment. Additional clinical studies using gallic acid derivatives with lower hydrophilicity are needed.

Effectiveness of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff Leaves Extract Toward Porphyromonas gingivalis Adhesion to Neutrophils

@#Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesion to neutrophils is an important initial process in periodontal disease. The process of bacterial adhesion must be inhibited so that periodontal disease does not develop into severe. Graptophyllum pictum contains several active substances that can affect the function of neutrophils. Aim of the research to find out the inhibition of Graptophyllum pictum leaf extracts (GLE) in various concentrations against the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to neutrophils. Methods: The method used is experimental laboratory using the post test only control group design. This research used a sample of isolate neutrophils taken from the blood of subjects with inclusion criteria. The sample was divided into 5 groups: the control group (without GLE), GLE 3.125%, GLE 6.25%, GLE 12.5%, and GLE 25%.The neutrophils isolate was incubated with GLE for 3 hours, then exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis for 8 hours. The adhesion index is calculated by the average number of Porphyromonas gingivalis attached to 100 neutrophils. Results: Based on these results can be interpreted that GLE 3.125%, GLE 6.25% and GLE 12.5% showed no significant difference, in the mean those concentrations doesn’t have ability to inhibit the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis in neutrophils. So GLE 25% only which is able to inhibit the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis in neutrophils. Conclusion: GLE can inhibit the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to neutrophils by GLE 25% effectively only.

Plasma CRH Level Difference Between Wistar Rats Exposed To Acute Stress Due To Predator And To The Psychological Stress Device

Objective: Stress triggers and causes psychiatric disorders. This study compared stress generated by different stressors: a cat as the predator of rats and a Psychological Stress Device (PSD) which was developed and modified by the researchers based on the model by Xu and Rocher. Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were simple randomly divided into one control group and six treatment groups, each consisting of 4 rats. Each treatment group was individually exposed to stressor for 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The first three treatment groups were treated using the PSD while the other three treatment groups were treated exposed to the cat. Plasma CRH level was measured using the ELISA (Cusabio) method. Result: Plasma CRH levels in the rat exposed to stressor using the PSD ranged from 9.89 to 50.22 ng/mL, higher than plasma CRH level in the groups exposed to cat ranged from 0.22 to 23.44 ng/mL with significance level (p0.05). Conclusion: Plasma CRH level of the rats exposed to stressor using the PSD was higher and positively correlate with the length of exposure compared to those exposed to cat.

Combination of ethanolic extract of citrus aurantifolia peels with doxorubicin modulate cell cycle and increase apoptosis induction on MCF-7 cells

New approach of breast cancer therapy is developed toward combination therapy with agent that have a specific molecular target. Our previous study showed that Citrus aurantifolia lime peels ethanolic extract [CPE] increased the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells againts doxorubicin. This study aims to observe the mechanism of combination CPE and doxorubicin in cell cycle modulation and apoptosis on MCF-7 cells. The assays were performed in the study were cell cycle assay, apoptosis induction, and immunocytochemistry of MCF-7 cells. The effect on the modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis were observed by flowcytometry assay in both single dose of CPE and its combination with Doxorubicin. Cell cycle distribution were observed with flowcytometer FACS-Calibur and its data was analyzed by Cell Quest program. Apoptotic induction in MCF-7 cells was examined using acrydine orange-ethidium bromide [AO-EtBr] double staining. Immunocytochemistry assay was done to observe the expression of apoptotic regulation protein p53 and Bcl-2. The result showed that CPE 6 microg/mL induced apoptosis and cell accumulation at G1 phase, while CPE 15 microg/mL induced apoptosis and cell accumulation at G2/M phase. The combination of doxorubicin 200 nM with CPE 6 microg/mL increased apoptosis induction than their single treatment, and cell accumulation at G2/M phase. Evidence of apoptosis and protein expression of p53 and Bcl-2 indicated that both single applications and combinations of CPE and doxorubicin is able to increase apoptotic bodies of MCF-7 cells by increasing the proteins expression. This results suggested that CPE could perform as co-chemotherapeutic agent with doxorubicin on breast cancer cells

The management of Asherman syndrome in gynecology.

Asherman syndrome is an acquired condition characterized by the formation of adhesions in the uterine cavity. This condition is often caused by trauma to the endometrium, which mostly happens after currettage or post-partum, and can produce several complications such as menstrual disturbances, infertility, or recurrent abortion. The management of Asherman syndrome requires complete actions which can be summarized with the acronym PRACTICE, consisting of prevention, anticipation, comprehensive therapy, timely surveillance of subsequent pregnancies, investigation and continuing education. The prevention and anticipation aspects can be performed through reduction of invasive methods of therapy such as currettage, prophylactic therapy for adhesions such as antibiotics and post-estrogen therapy for high risk patients, and the use of instruments that do less damage to the uterine walls. The comprehensive therapy that become the method of choice is operative lysis using hysteroscopy, which provides direct visualization of the adhesion. To prevent reccurrence, especially to patients planning to have subsequent pregnancies, timely surveillance of the next pregnancies for high risk patients should be performed at hospital, with complete work-ups. Lastly, evaluation of operative results and continuing education to explain prognoses to the patient should be also performed.