ABSTRACT
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 was notified to the Brazilian Ministry of Health on February 26, 2020. On November 20, 2021, by the end of Epidemiological Week-46 (EW-46) 257,168,692 confirmed cases of COVID-19 reported worldwide. Among the countries with the highest number of accumulated cases the United States of America ranks number one (47,701,872), followed by India (34,510,413), Brazil (22,012,150), the United Kingdom (9,857,658), and Russia (9,135,149). Concerning deaths, 5,146,467 were confirmed worldwide until November 20, 2021. The United States was the country with the highest accumulated number of deaths (771,013), followed by Brazil (612,587), India (465,662), Mexico (292,145), and Russia (257,891).
O primeiro caso confirmado de COVID-19 foi notificado ao Ministério da Saúde (MS) do Brasil em 26 de fevereiro de 2020. Até o final da Semana Epidemiológica (SE) 46 de 2021, no dia 20 de novembro de 2021, foram confirmados 257.168.692 casos de covid-19 no mundo. Os Estados Unidos foram o país com o maior número de casos acumulados (47.701.872), seguido pela Índia (34.510.413), Brasil (22.012.150), Reino Unido (9.857.658) e Rússia (9.135.149). Em relação aos óbitos, foram confirmados 5.146.467 no mundo até o dia 20 de novembro de 2021. Os Estados Unidos foram o país com maior número acumulado de óbitos (771.013), seguido do Brasil (612.587), Índia (465.662), México (292.145) e Rússia (257.891)
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Psychometrics , FearABSTRACT
N-Hexane is an important volatile solvent. It has been used in many industries and occupational toxic exposure was reported by many authors as Buitatti, et al. [1978] and Bragnone, et al. [1980] among the vinyl sandal and leather workers. This study were performed on albino rats. N-Hexane was given by intraperitoneal injection in the following order: 75, 150, 300 mg/kg body weight twice a week for three exposed groups I, II, III, respectively. A control non-treated group was injected with 1% tween 80 in the same order. The toxic effects were noticed on brain, liver, lungs and testicles of the treated groups. The brains of the exposed rats did not show any significant change in the oxygen uptake compared with the control group. However, they showed marked histopathological changes. There was significant decrease in the oxygen uptake by the liver of exposed groups I, II, III [70.23, 34.84, 3.67 ml / 100 g wet tissue, respectively] in comparison to that of the controls [119 ml / 100 g wet tissue], together with a dose related increase in the liver function enzymes. Lungs showed a toxic response in the form of emphysematous changes, bronchiolar hyperplasia and peribronchiolar lymphocytic infiltration. The n-hexane effect on the testis was observed in the form of decrease in the average diameter of the semineferous tubules 310, 260 and 240 micrometers in groups I, II, III, respectively, in comparison to the control group [420 micrometer]. This study indicates a definite toxic effect of n-hexane on the brain, lung, liver and testis of the exposed rats