ABSTRACT
Objectives: The effect of dietary protein intake on bone mineral density [BMD] has not been explained in patients with spinal cord injury [SCI]. In this study, we looked at the relationship between BMD and higher protein intake in patients with SCI while controlling for possible confounders
Methods: Patients with SCI, who were referred to the Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center between November 2010 and April 2012, were included in the study. In total, the dietary intakes of 103 patients were assessed by 24-hour dietary recall interviews. We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure BMD in the femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanteric zone, hip, and lumbar vertebras
Results: Eighty-six men and 17 women participated in this study. Protein intake was negatively associated with the BMD of lumbar vertebrae [p = 0.001, r = -0.37 for T-score and p = 0.030, r = -0.24 for Z-score]. The BMD of lumbar vertebrae were negatively associated with intake of tryptophan, isoleucine, lysine, cysteine, and tyrosine [p = 0.007, 0.005, 0.009, 0.008, and 0.008 for T-score, respectively]. Higher intakes of threonine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, and histidine were related to a lower BMD of lumbar vertebrae [p = 0.006, 0.010, 0.009, 0.010, 0.009, and 0.008 respectively for T-scores]
Conclusions: We found that high protein intake led to a lower BMD of lumbar vertebrae in patients with SCI after controlling for confounders including demographic and injury-related characteristics and calcium intake. No relationship between higher amino acids intake and BMD of the femur and hip was detected. Intake of alanine, arginine, and aspartic acid were not related to BMD
ABSTRACT
The factors associated with repetition of attempted suicide are poorly categorized in the Iranian population. In this study, the prevalence of different psychiatric disorders among women who attempted suicide and the risk of repetition were assessed. Participants were women admitted to the Poisoning Emergency Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences following failed suicide attempts. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV] symptom checklist. Risk of repetition was evaluated using the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised [SBQ-R]. About 72% of individuals had a SBQ-R score >8 and were considered to be at high risk for repeated attempted suicide. Adjustment disorders were the most common psychiatric disorders [40.8%]. However, the type of psychiatric disorder was not associated with the risk of repetition [p=0.320]. Marital status, educational level, employment, substance use, history of suicide among family members, and motivation were not determinant factors for repetition of suicide attempt [p=0.220, 0.880, 0.220, 0.290, 0.350 and 0.270, respectively]. Younger women were associated with violent methods of attempted suicide, such as self-cutting, whereas older individuals preferred consumption of poison [p<0.001]. Drug overdose was more common among single and married women whereas widows or divorcees preferred self-burning [p=0.004]. About 72% of patients with failed suicide attempts were at high risk for repeated attempts. Age, marital status, and type of psychiatric disorder were the only determinants of suicide method. Adjustment disorders were the most common psychiatric disorders among Iranian women. However, this did not predict the risk of further attempts