Boundary issues and multiple relationships: Counselors' attitudes and behaviors regarding the use of WeChat / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To discuss possible ethical and boundary issues when contacting clients through WeChat in different situations. Methods: Self-made questionnaires were utilized to investigate 194 counselors' (18 counselors gave clients their job WeChat ID, 64 counselors gave their private WeChat ID, and 115 counselors do not give WeChat toclients) attitudes and behaviors of encountering multiple relationship issues when using WeChat Results: For WeChat boundary, counselors who had job WeChat ID would post more private photos and videos on the post than counselors with no job ID and without ID(P <0.01). Although 41％ of counselors would use WeChat during the counseling and other related activities, only 10％ of the counselors had job ID. Counselors with no ID tended to accept clients breaking the boundaries through other ways (P <0.01). Conclusion: The study indicates that counselors have encountered ethic issues of multiple relationships when using WeChat Counselors who only have private WeChat ID should increase their sensitivity of the boundary issues in the use of WeChat.

Research on child neglect situation and influential factors of left-behind children and living-with-parents children aged 6-17 year-old in rural areas of two provinces, western China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the situation and the influential factors of child neglect between left-behind children and living-with-parents children aged 6-17 years in the rural areas in western China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Students were randomly selected according to the principle of multi-stage stratified cluster sampling and they were from three cities in Shanxi and four districts in Chongqing. Among the 4,131 children, there were 1,874 students in the 6-11 years group and the left-behind children accounted for 50.21% (941/1,874) in this group. There were 2,257 students in the 12-17 years old group and the left-behind children accounted for 53.35% (1,204/2,257) in this group. The questionnaire named "Evaluation on Neglect for Elementary and Secondary School Students Aged 6-17 Years in Rural Areas in China" was used in the field investigation. The students' neglect frequency was described by neglect rate and the factors affecting students' neglect were analyzed by means of binary logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 6-11 years old group, the neglect rates of left-behind children and living-with-parents children were 63.03% (474/752) and 43.87% (347/791), respectively (χ2=58.86, P<0.001). In the 12-17 years old group, the neglect rates of left-behind children and living-with-parents children were 60.64% (627/1 034) and 53.57% (495/924), respectively (χ2=9.96, P<0.001). For factors influencing left-behind children, compared to the factors about boys, younger mother (≤40 years old), presence of parents' income reduction within the last year and nuclear family, the factors about girls, elder mother (41-49 years), absence of parents' income reduction within the last year and three-generation family or single-parent family were associated with lower neglect risk, and OR values were 0.67, 0.68, 0.70, 0.73, and 0.43 (P<0.05); compared to the factors about Han nationality, only child, with separate room at home, and resident children, the factors about other nationalities, non-only child, no separate room at home, and non-resident children were associated with high neglect risk, and OR values were 1.85, 1.34, 1.46, and 1.32 (P<0.05); compared to the lower father's education background (primary school or uneducated), the higher father's education background (junior middle school, senior middle school, technical secondary school, college and above) was associated with lower neglect risk, and OR values were 0.66, 0.50, and 0.25 (P<0.05); compared to good relationship between children and parents as well as good relationship between parents, fair or poor relationship was associated with high neglect risk, and OR values were 1.57-3.79 (P<0.05). For factors influencing non-left-behind children, compared to the factors about younger mother (≤40 years old), changes of patient's work in the last year, presence of parents' income reduction within the last year and nuclear family, the factors about elder mother (41-49 years), no changes of patients' work in the last year, absence of parents' income reduction within the last year and three-generation family or single-parent family were associated with lower neglect risk, and OR values were 0.69, 0.71, 0.75, 0.82, and 0.56 (P<0.05); compared to the factors about Han nationality, only child and younger father (≤40 years old), other nationalities, the factors about non-only child, and elder father (41-49 years) were associated with high neglect risk, and OR values were 1.45, 1.56, and 1.57 (P<0.05); compared to lower father's education background (primary school or uneducated), higher father's education background (junior middle school, senior middle school, technical secondary school, college and above) was associated with lower neglect risk, and OR values were 0.65 and 0.49 (P<0.05); compared to good relationship between children and parents as well as good relationship between parents, fair or poor relationship was associated with high neglect risk, and OR values were 1.56-7.69 (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The situation of child neglect among left-behind children aged 6-17 years in rural areas of the two provinces in western China was serious, their neglect rates were higher than those of living-with-parents children, and there were many risk factors affecting the neglect rates of the two group children.</p>

The situation of neglect state among elementary and high school students aged 6-17 years in rural areas of two western provinces of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the neglect situation of elementary and high school students aged 6-17 years in western rural areas of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, 4 131 students were recruited from 26 rural elementary and high schools of 7 districts in Shanxi province and Chongqing from September 2012 to April 2013. The investigation was conducted based on 'The Development of Neglect Evaluation Norms and Influence Factors for Primary and Middle School Students' in rural areas of China. SAS 9.21 software was used for analyzing neglect rate and neglect degree for groups of age, sex and neglect types (including neglect of physical, emotional, medical, educational, safety and social).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total neglect rate and degree were 55.50% (1 943/3 501) and 49.96 ± 9.67; the neglect rates for males and females were 56.78% (1 018/1 793) and 54.16% (925/1 708) (P = 0.119); the neglect degrees were 50.08 ± 9.31 and 49.83 ± 10.02 (P = 0.479), respectively. The girls' medical neglect rate (18.25%, 348/1 907) was significantly higher than that in boys (14.72%, 294/1 997) (P < 0.01); the boys' neglect degrees of physical, educational and social neglect (50.05 ± 10.46, 49.99 ± 10.81, 57.63 ± 14.63) were significantly higher than that in girls (49.34 ± 10.70, 49.07 ± 11.30, 56.37 ± 14.80) (P < 0.05). The total neglect rates of 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-17 groups were 44.48% (310/697), 60.40% (511/846), 60.89% (601/987) and 53.66% (521/971) (P < 0.01), and the total neglect degrees among these groups were 46.89 ± 8.57, 51.88 ± 9.25, 51.88 ± 9.25 and 51.72 ± 8.89 (P < 0.01), respectively. Except the neglect rates of medical and social neglect, significant differences were found in other three neglect rates and neglect degrees. The rates of social, emotional and safety neglect in 9-11 group were higher than that in other groups (28.39% (264/930), 26.41% (239/905), 20.35% (187/919)). The 12-14 group has the highest educational neglect rate(29.41%, 317/1 078). While the physical and emotional neglect degrees in 12-14 and 15-17 group were higher than that in other groups(12-14 group: 51.59 ± 10.02, 53.43 ± 12.02, 15-17 group: 51.96 ± 9.80, 52.61 ± 11.59). The social, safety, educational and medical neglect degrees were the highest in 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-17 group (60.91 ± 13.13, 48.29 ± 11.34, 52.43 ± 10.55, 51.15 ± 17.25), respectively. The neglect rates and neglect degrees were significantly higher in minorities(68.88% (374/543) and 52.91 ± 9.14) than those in Han population (53.04% (1 569/2 958), 49.44 ± 9.67)(P < 0.01 in both indexes); and the neglect rates and neglect degrees were significantly higher in children with siblings group (58.20% (1 504/2 584), 50.58 ± 9.54) than those the in one-child group (47.87% (439/917), 48.27 ± 9.80) (P < 0.01 in both indexes); and the neglect rates and neglect degrees were significantly higher in left-hand students (61.65% (1 101/1 786), 51.41 ± 9.51) than those in living-with-parents students(49.10% (842/1 715), 48.56 ± 9.61) (P < 0.01 in both indexes).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The children neglect situation is serious in western rural areas, close attention from families, schools and the society is in urgent need.</p>