ABSTRACT
Abnormal brain-gut interaction is considered the core pathological mechanism behind the disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), in which the intestinal microbiota plays an important role. Microglia are the "sentinels" of the central nervous system (CNS), which participate in tissue damage caused by traumatic brain injury, resist central infection and participate in neurogenesis, and are involved in the occurrence of various neurological diseases. With in-depth research on DGBI, we could find an interaction between the intestinal microbiota and microglia and that they are jointly involved in the occurrence of DGBI, especially in individuals with comorbidities of mental disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This bidirectional regulation of microbiota and microglia provides a new direction for the treatment of DGBI. In this review, we focus on the role and underlying mechanism of the interaction between gut microbiota and microglia in DGBI, especially IBS, and the corresponding clinical application prospects and highlight its potential to treat DGBI in individuals with psychiatric comorbidities.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy , Microglia , Brain Diseases , BrainABSTRACT
An innovative,ternary nanocomposite composed of overoxidized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(OPEDOT),gold nanoparticles (AuNPs),and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) was prepared on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (OPEDOT-AuNPs-ERGO/GCE) through homogeneous chemical reactions and heterogeneous electrochemical methods.The morphology,composition,and structure of this nanocomposite were characterized by transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The electrochemical properties of the OPEDOT-AuNPs-ERGO/GCE were investigated by cyclic voltammetry using potassium ferricyanide and hexaammineruthenium(Ⅲ) chloride redox probe systems.This modified electrode shows excellent electro-catalytic activity for dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) under physiological pH conditions,but inhibits the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA).Linear voltammetric responses were obtained when DA concentrations of approximately 4.0-100 μM and UA concentrations of approximately 20-100 μM were used.The detection limits (S/N=3) for DA and UA were 1.0 and 5.0 μ.M,respectively,under physiological conditions and in the presence of 1.0 mM of AA.This developed method was applied to the simultaneous detection of DA and UA in human urine,where satisfactory recoveries from 96.7％ to 105.0％were observed.This work demonstrates that the developed OPEDOT-AuNPs-ERGO ternary nano-composite,with its excellent ion-selectivity and electro-catalytic activity,is a promising candidate for the simultaneous detection of DA and UA in the presence of AA in physiological and pathological studies.