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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the most common type of infection in end-stage liver disease, and the diagnosis and treatment of SBP are facing great difficulties and challenges. In recent years, great achievements have been made in molecular diagnostic techniques, but they have not been widely used in clinical practice. Based on the current status of the diagnosis of SBP, this article reviews the advances in molecular microbiological methods in the diagnosis of SBP. Bacterial qualitative analysis alone cannot clarify the association between bacterial DNA and clinical manifestations, and the combination of bacterial quantitative analysis and bacterial type can more accurately describe the biological characteristics of SBP, which may help with the diagnosis of SBP and its special types and the application of antimicrobial agents.
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Major depression is a public health problem that seriously harms individuals and the society.But one of the major shortcomings of mainstream antidepressant is the delayed onset.Recent series of studies demonstrated that,from a variety of animal models and clinical studies,classic stagnation-removing formula Yue-Ju (Y J) pill has the advantage in rapid antidepressant efficacy,which is similar to the prototype drug ketamine.It has the mechanism of rapid and sustained enhancement of neural plasticity and individual difference in response to YJ pill.The evidence of Gardenia jasminoides (Zhi-Zi) as the monarch component of YJ pill's rapid antidepressant action has also been revealed.The further in-depth research on rapid antidepressant traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is important for providing the scientific and reliable TCM strategies to treat depression.
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Objective To establish a postpartum depression animal model induced by pre-pregnancy stress,assess abnormal maternal depressive-like behavior,observe the expression of disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) in the hippocampus,and detect serum estradiol and corticosterone.Methods A total of 32 female Balb/c were assigned to two groups using random number table:the control group and the pre-pregnancy stressed group(model group),and the model group was subjected to 3 weeks of chronic restraint stress. After the last stressor,the control group and the model group were housed with a male. About 4 weeks later,the mice gave birth to pups. Then at 3 weeks postpartum,open field test,tail suspension test,and sucrose preference test were carried out. The expressions of DISC1 mRNA and protein of hippocampus were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot,respectively. The serum levels of estradiol and corticosterone were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results After 3 weeks of postpartum,the model mice showed depression-like behaviors. In the open field test,there was no effect on the total distance moved or time spent in the center field (P>0.05). Immobility in tail suspension test was significantly increased (t=-4.950,P<0.001) and sucrose preference was significantly reduced in model group (t=2.475,P<0.05). There was significant statistical difference between control and model group on the expression of DISC1 mRNA (t=-8.915,P<0.001) and protein (t=-5.004,P<0.01) in hippocampus. There was no significant statistical difference on estradiol and corticosterone between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Chronic pre-pregnancy stress can induce dams into postpartum depression.The pathogenesis of postpartum depression may be related to the regulation of DISC1 in the hippocampus.
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Objective:To investigate the immune mechanism of Shengxian decoction in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis(EAMG) rats. Methods:Lewis rats were immunized with the rat sequence 97-116 of the AChRαsubunit(Rα97-116) in CFA, 25 of which were successful. They were randomly divided into 5 groups:EAMG model group,prednisone group(5. 4 mg/kg),Shengxian decoction low, medium, high dose groups ( dosage 2. 6 g/kg, 5. 2 g/kg, 10. 4 g/kg ) . Clinical symptoms, weight, and the decrement percentage of RNS(5 Hz) were evaluated,and ELISA were adopted to determine the titers of AChR Ab,TGF-β,IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4 and IL-17 in serum. Results:After molding,the percentage of decrement of RNS in each group noticeably increased by more than 10% in comparison with that in the CFA control group ( P<0. 01 or P<0. 05 ) . At the same time, they were also subjected to progressive decreasing weight and typical myasthenia symptoms,showing the successful molding. With medication,the decrement percentage of RNS of rats in the groups with low,medium and high dose of Shengxian decoction were all on obvious decline with alleviated weight decrease (P<0. 01),testifying to the symptom improvement. Compared with the CFA control group,the groups with low,medium and high dose of Shengxian decoction were coupled with decreasing AChR Ab content(P<0. 05),rising TGF-βlevel and reducing IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4 and IL-17 level(P<0. 01 or P<0. 05). Conclusion: Shengxian decoction can turn the decrement percentage of RNS around,improve the progressive weight decrease in EAMG rats and increase the weight gains. By up-regulating the TGF-βlevel,lowering IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4 and IL-17 level,preventing B cells from producing AChR Ab and reducing the content of AChR Ab in serum,it will soothe the damage of NMJ to AChR and cure EAMG.
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Aim To observe the rapid antidepressant effect of Yuejuganmaidazao Decoction on postpatum de-pression offspring , and analyze its influence on the Akt and mTOR expression .Methods After postpartum de-pression model was established , the offsprings were randomly divided into the following groups: control group(CTL-F1,n =8), vehicle group (Veh,n =8) and YG group ( YG, n =8 ) .Veh group was treated with vehicle , YG group was treated with Yueju gan-maidazao Decoction(8.3 g· kg -1 ).Forced swimming test(FST) was measured 24 hours after single adminis-tration.The phosphorylation and total level of Akt and m-TOR in the hippocampus was detected by Western blot.Results The immobility time in YG group was significantly shorter than that in Veh group ( P <0.01 ) , and the expression of p-Akt and p-mTOR in the hippocampus was significantly increased ( P <0.05 ) .Conclusion Yuejuganmaidazao Decoction may rapidly alleviate depression-like behaviors of PPD offsprings through upregulation of Akt and mTOR ex-pression .
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Aim To establish a postpartum depression animal model,assess the abnormal maternal behaviors of depressive dams,and observe the rapid antidepres-sant effects of the Yuejuganmaidazaotang (YG)on the PPD model.Methods Thirty-two female Balb /c were randomly assigned to two groups,the control group (Control,con)and the pre-pregnancy stressed group (Vehicle,veh),and vehicle was subjected to 3 weeks chronic restraint stress.After the last stressor,the pre-pregnancy stressed group was housed with a male.Af-ter about 4 weeks later,the mice gave birth to pups. Then at 3 weeks postpartum,we tested the maternal depressive-like behaviors,including sucrose preference test,forced swimming test and novelty suppressed feeding test.Both YG and Ketamine were single ad-ministered 24 hours before behavior test,with single saline for control group and PPD model group.Results After 3 weeks postpartum,the vehicle mice showed depression-like behaviors.Reduced preference in drinking sucrose solution was found in SPT (P <0.01 ).Immobility in FST was significantly increased in vehicle groups (P <0.01 ).In NSFT,the vehicle group displayed a significantly increased latency and reduced unit of food intake compared with control group(P <0.01,P <0.01 ).Acute YG improved per-formance in the SPT(P <0.01),FST (P <0.01)and NSF (P <0.01,P <0.01),which was similar to ket-amine.Conclusions Chronic pre-pregnancy stress can induce dams into postpartum depression.Acute YG exert fast antidepressant effect on this PPD model simi-lar to ketamine.
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Abstact:Aim To identify whether the petroleum e-ther fraction of Yueju pill (YJ-PE)could exhibit a po-tent rapid antidepressant effect and to investigate the underlying biological mechanism involved.Methods Fourty-four male KM mice were randomly assigned to five groups:the control group (saline group),low dosage of YJ-PE,middle dosage of YJ-PE,high dos-age of YJ-PE and ketamine.After a single drug admin-istration,we used tail suspension test (TST)to test the rapid antidepressant effect of YJ-PE in KMmice at 30 min.Another twenty-four male KM mice were ass-inged to three groups:control group,screened effective low dosage of YJ-PE group and ketamine group.We usd TST to assess these mice at 24 h post a single ad- ministration.Western blot was performed to examine the expression of BDNF and TrkB in hippocampus of KMmice at 30 min and 24 h post a single administra-tion.Results An acute administration of YJ-PE de-creased the immobility time of KMmice in TST and in-creased the expression of BDNF and TrkB as soon as 30min post a single administration and lasted at least for 24 hours.Conclusion YJ-PE (low dosage)ex-hibits a rapid antidepressant-like potent,and the po-tent rapid antidepressant effects of YJ-PE are associat-ed with the up-regulation of BDNF and TrkB.
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Objective To study the effect of new type antiseptic gallium nitrate on the clearance of Staphylococcus aureus (S .aureus)biofilm,and explore new methods for suppressing bacterial biofilm formation.Methods Biofilm positive strains were screened among 14 clinically isolated S .aureus strains by crystal violet staining method,mini-mal inhibitory concentration (MIC)of gallium nitrate for biofilm positive strains and effect of gallium nitrate on the clearance of biofilm were measured.Results Of 14 S .aureus isolates,9 were biofilm positive strains;gallium ni-trate MICs for S .aureus ATCC 25923,biofilm-negative strain,and 9 biofilm positive strains were all 16 μg/mL;the clearance rate of gallium nitrate for early biofilm of S .aureus was significantly higher than mature biofilm ([86.53±0.96]% vs [62.54±1 .53]%,t=35.699,P <0.001 ).Conclusion Gallium nitrate can inhibit growth of S .aureus strains and clear biofilm,it can be applied in the prevention and control of S .aureus infection.
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Aim To study the preventive and therapeutic effects of Buyang Huanwu Decoction(BYHWD)on denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats.Methods After 60 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Common Peroneal nerve crush model of 5 mm injury, they were randomly divided into 6 groups for daily intragastric administration of drugs:BYHWD high-dose, medium-dose, low-dose groups, mecobalamin group(positive control), model group, sham operation group.The drug administration lasted for 18 days.18 days after operation, slice, masson staining and analysis morphology were performed. The wet weight ratio and section area of tibial muscle were also measured.Results Tibial muscle section area of sham operation group was large, morphous was regular, while that of model group significantly diminished, structure was chaotic, and connective tissue hyperplasia was more obvious;Tibial muscle section area of BYHWD group and mecobalamin group was fairly diminished, morphous was fairly regular, and connective tissue hyperplasia was not obvious.Compared with model group, the section area of BYHWD group all increased significantly(P <0.01)in a dose-dependent manner.Compared with mecobalamin group, the cross section area of BYHWD high-dose group was significantly larger(P <0.05).Compared with model group, the wet weight ratio of BYHWD high-dose and medium-dose group all increased significantly(P <0.01 or P <0.05)in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion BYHWD has a significant effect of prevention and therapy on denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats.
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of incorporating QDH on acute cerebral vascular dementia(VD).Methods 100 patients with acute cerebral vascular dementia were randomly divided into treatment group of 70 patients and control group of 30 patients.The treatment group used incorporating QDH;The control group used nimodipine.It was 20 days on therapeutic course for 2 groups.Results The total effective rate in treatment group was 90%,which was 33% in control group respectively.There was a significant difference between two groups(P
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Objective To observe the effects of total saponins of tribulus of various consistency on the differentiation of neural hippocampus stem cells. Methods The hippocampus stem cells from newborn rat were obtained by serum-free medium and single-cell cloning technique. Hippocampus stem cells were induced by total saponins of tribulus of various consistency. Nestin, BrdU, neurofilament (NF-200), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression were detected using immunocytochemical stains. The numbers of NF and GFAP positive cells were counted. The percentages of positive cells were obtained. Results The dissociated cells from the organ of hippocampus developed into much of indiffrentiated otopheres of nestin positive cells. The hippocampus stem cell differentiated into neurons and astrocytes with the total saponins of tribulus. The percentage of NF positive neuron in the 20 mg/kg consistency of total saponins of tribulus groups was significantly higher than that in the control group and other consistency of total saponins of tribulus groups. Conclusion Total saponins of tribulus may enhance neural hippocampus stem cells differentiate into NF positive neuron.
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Objective To investigate the expression of neuron nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA of brain tissue at early stage of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats and the intervention effect of Didangtang.Methods 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: intracerebral hemorrhage group, Didangtang treatment group, NOS inhibition group and normal saline group. Quantitate fresh autologous blood was infused into right caudate nucleus of rat sterotaxically to build up experimental ICH model and normal saline was instead in control group. The neurological function deficit scores were observed by Bederson method (3 grades) at 6 h, 24 h and 72 h after operation. At the same time points, the rats were sacrificed and the brain tissues were taken out for the measurement of nNOS mRNA by technique of hybridization in situ.Results Neurological function deficit scores of the rats were significantly improved both in intracerebral hemorrhage group and Didangtang treatment group at 72 h after operation(all P
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Objective To investigate the expression and its rule of transferrin (Tf) in brain tissue at different time after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. Methods The fresh quantitative autologous blood was infused into the right caudate nucleus of rat sterotaxically to build up experimental ICH model. At 6h, 24h, 72h and 7d after operation, the rats were sacrificed and the brain tissues were made for immunohistochemistry analysis of Tf. The water content of the brains was also assayed.Results Compared with saline group, Tf-immunostaining positive cells in the tissue surrounding hematoma and in the ipsilateral pallium in ICH rats were increased significantly during 7 days, peaked at 72 hours ( P