Decolourization and Detoxification of Azo Dye, Malachite Green by Pseudomonas monteilii Strain RZT1, a Bacterium Isolated from Textile Wastewater

Discharge of textile industrial effluent without proper treatment has become a severe hazard for the animal health and environment worldwide. Therefore, this study was designed to isolate azo dye-degrading bacteria from textile wastewater and evaluate their ability to biodegrade reactive dyes into non-toxic products. The potent bacterial strain which was isolated from textile wastewater was identified as Pseudomonas monteilii strain RZT1 on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence. The isolated bacterial strain exhibited good decolorization ability with yeast extract supplementation as cosubstrate in static conditions for Malachite Green dye. The optimal condition for the decolorization of Malachite Green dye by P. monteilii strain RZT1 were at pH 7.0 and 28癈. Decolorization rates of Malachite Green dye by P. monteilii strain RZT1 were varied with initial dye concentration as follow: 84.8%, 75.4%, 63.4% and 45.5% decolorization for 100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm and 400ppm initial dye concentration respectively. We investigated the effects of dyes used in the textile industry on the seed germination of Five crops - Rice (Oryza sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Khesari (Lathyrus sativus), Mustard (Brassica nigra) and Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia). It was found that textile dye Malachite Green had negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth in test cultures. The harmful effects of dye on seed germination and early seedling growth parameters were augmented with increase of dye concentration. Interestingly, treatment of the Malachite Green dye with isolated bacteria reduced the adverse effects of that dye on seed germination and seedling growth. Thus, it indicated the potentiality of P. monteilii strain RZT1 for bioremediation of textile effluents into a non-toxic form for plants.

Reduction of Toxic Effects of Textile Dye, Basic Red-18 on Tilapia Fish by Bioremediation with a Novel Bacterium, Mangrovibacter yixingensis Strain AKS2 Isolated from Textile Wastewater

Due to rapid industrialization and market demand of vibrant textile products, the natural textile dyes have been replaced by the synthetic textile dyes. These synthetic dyes are released in environment with textile wastewater resulting in a major environmental pollution, especially in aquatic ecosystem. Hence, aquatic organisms like fish are highly vulnerable to the pollution caused by dyes of textile wastewater. This study was designed to evaluate the deleterious effects of Basic Red-18 (BR-18) dye on behavior, survivability, haematology and histology of Tilapia fish (Tilapia mossambica) and to minimize these deleterious effects of BR-18 dye by bioremediation with the novel bacteria isolated from textile wastewater. The isolated novel bacteria was identified as Mangrovibacter yixingensis strain AKS2 by 16s rRNA sequencing (Accession no. OM189530). The 30% and 70% mortality rates were observed in fish exposed to commercial BR-18 dye at concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm respectively. Interestingly, the mortality rate of fish was decreased significantly to 10% and 20% when fish were exposed to 100 and 200 ppm BR-18 dye respectively after bioremediation with M. yixingensis strain AKS2. Fish exposed to tap water and bioremediated BR-18 dye solution exhibited typical behavioral responses, whereas fish exposed to commercial BR-18 dye solution exhibited anomalous behavior. Fish subjected to commercial BR-18 dye solution displayed decreased RBC, Hb, but increased WBC levels, demonstrating the dye's haemotoxicity. Contrary, no remarkable haematological toxic effect was found when fish were exposed to bioremediated BR-18 dye indicating the non-toxic character of the bioremediated dye metabolites. Similarly, extensive histological abnormalities in the gill, liver, intestinal, stomach, and heart tissues were seen when fish was cultured in commercial BR-18 dye, but the abnormalities were less significant when fish were raised in bioremediated BR-18 dye. Altogether, it can be concluded that BR-18 dye are toxic to fish, but this toxicity can be minimized by bioremediation with M. yixingensis strain AKS2.

Seasonal analysis of food items and feeding habits of endangered riverine catfish Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) / Análise sazonal de itens e hábitos alimentares de bagres ribeirinhos Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) ameaçados de extinção

This investigation presents the food and feeding activity of and endangered riverine catfish Rita rita, during February 2017-January 2018. A total of 225 fish individuals was analyzed for stomach contents by characterizing the dominant food items and morphometric features. The results divulged ten major food items consumed, preferably fish scales and eggs, teleost fishes, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, and mollusks. Total length and body weight of fish varied between 9-34 cm (20.53 ± 6.90 cm) and 10-400 g (9125.94 ± 102.07 g), respectively. The index of relative importance (IRI%) showed the importance of rotifers over the other food items. Morisita's index of diet overlap indicated seasonal variations in catfish diets with summer and monsoon displaying the least overlap, while maximum overlap during monsoon and winter seasons. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) indicated the close association between the food items available during summer and winter seasons with a significant difference among the seasons (ANOSIM, R = 0.638, P = 0.013). Levin's niche breadth index arranged in the order of 0.88>0.81>0.78>0.63>0.43 for the size classes of V, IV, III, II and I, respectively. The PCA explained 95.39% of the total variance among the food items and fish size groups. Small-sized fish individuals displayed a greater correlation with food items suitable for their mouth size. In conclusion, the variety and frequency of food items recorded indicated considerable feeding plasticity and opportunistic feeding behavior with a shift from carnivorous to omnivorous feeding nature. This study could render useful information on the food and feeding habits of R. rita and provide background for preparing its diet for future aquaculture practices.

Esta investigação apresenta a alimentação e a atividade alimentar de bagres ribeirinhos Rita rita ameaçados de extinção, no período de fevereiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Um total de 225 peixes foi analisado quanto ao conteúdo do estômago, caracterizando os itens alimentares dominantes e as características morfométricas. Os resultados apresentaram dez principais itens alimentares consumidos, preferencialmente escamas e ovos de peixes, teleósteos, copépodes, cladóceros, rotíferos e moluscos. O comprimento total e o peso corporal dos peixes variaram entre 9-34 cm (20,53 ± 6,90 cm) e 10-400 g (9125,94 ± 102,07 g), respectivamente. O índice de importância relativa (IRI%) mostrou a importância dos rotíferos sobre os demais itens alimentares. O índice de sobreposição de dieta de Morisita indicou variações sazonais nas dietas de bagres no verão e nas monções, exibindo a menor sobreposição, enquanto a sobreposição máxima ocorreu durante as estações das monções e do inverno. A escala multidimensional não métrica (nMDS) indicou a estreita associação entre os itens alimentares disponíveis durante o verão e o inverno, com uma diferença significativa entre as estações (ANOSIM, R = 0,638, P = 0,013). O índice de amplitude de nicho de Levin foi organizado na ordem de 0,88 > 0,81 > 0,78 > 0,63 > 0,43 para as classes de tamanho de V, IV, III, II e I, respectivamente. O PCA explicou 95,39% da variação total entre os itens alimentares e os grupos de tamanho de peixes. Peixes de pequeno porte apresentaram maior correlação com itens alimentares adequados ao tamanho da boca. Em conclusão, a variedade e a frequência dos itens alimentares registrados indicaram plasticidade alimentar considerável e comportamento alimentar oportunista, com uma mudança da natureza carnívora para onívora. Este estudo pode fornecer informações úteis sobre os hábitos alimentares e de alimentação de R. rita e apresentar subsídios para a preparação de sua dieta em futuras práticas de aquicultura.

Seasonal analysis of food items and feeding habits of endangered riverine catfish Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) / Análise sazonal de itens e hábitos alimentares de bagres ribeirinhos Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) ameaçados de extinção

This investigation presents the food and feeding activity of and endangered riverine catfish Rita rita, during February 2017-January 2018. A total of 225 fish individuals was analyzed for stomach contents by characterizing the dominant food items and morphometric features. The results divulged ten major food items consumed, preferably fish scales and eggs, teleost fishes, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, and mollusks. Total length and body weight of fish varied between 9-34 cm (20.53 ± 6.90 cm) and 10-400 g (9125.94 ± 102.07 g), respectively. The index of relative importance (IRI%) showed the importance of rotifers over the other food items. Morisita's index of diet overlap indicated seasonal variations in catfish diets with summer and monsoon displaying the least overlap, while maximum overlap during monsoon and winter seasons. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) indicated the close association between the food items available during summer and winter seasons with a significant difference among the seasons (ANOSIM, R = 0.638, P = 0.013). Levin’s niche breadth index arranged in the order of 0.88>0.81>0.78>0.63>0.43 for the size classes of V, IV, III, II and I, respectively. The PCA explained 95.39% of the total variance among the food items and fish size groups. Small-sized fish individuals displayed a greater correlation with food items suitable for their mouth size. In conclusion, the variety and frequency of food items recorded indicated considerable feeding plasticity and opportunistic feeding behavior with a shift from carnivorous to omnivorous feeding nature. This study could render useful information on the food and feeding habits of R. rita and provide background for preparing its diet for future aquaculture practices.

Esta investigação apresenta a alimentação e a atividade alimentar de bagres ribeirinhos Rita rita ameaçados de extinção, no período de fevereiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Um total de 225 peixes foi analisado quanto ao conteúdo do estômago, caracterizando os itens alimentares dominantes e as características morfométricas. Os resultados apresentaram dez principais itens alimentares consumidos, preferencialmente escamas e ovos de peixes, teleósteos, copépodes, cladóceros, rotíferos e moluscos. O comprimento total e o peso corporal dos peixes variaram entre 9-34 cm (20,53 ± 6,90 cm) e 10-400 g (9125,94 ± 102,07 g), respectivamente. O índice de importância relativa (IRI%) mostrou a importância dos rotíferos sobre os demais itens alimentares. O índice de sobreposição de dieta de Morisita indicou variações sazonais nas dietas de bagres no verão e nas monções, exibindo a menor sobreposição, enquanto a sobreposição máxima ocorreu durante as estações das monções e do inverno. A escala multidimensional não métrica (nMDS) indicou a estreita associação entre os itens alimentares disponíveis durante o verão e o inverno, com uma diferença significativa entre as estações (ANOSIM, R = 0,638, P = 0,013). O índice de amplitude de nicho de Levin foi organizado na ordem de 0,88 > 0,81 > 0,78 > 0,63 > 0,43 para as classes de tamanho de V, IV, III, II e I, respectivamente. O PCA explicou 95,39% da variação total entre os itens alimentares e os grupos de tamanho de peixes. Peixes de pequeno porte apresentaram maior correlação com itens alimentares adequados ao tamanho da boca. Em conclusão, a variedade e a frequência dos itens alimentares registrados indicaram plasticidade alimentar considerável e comportamento alimentar oportunista, com uma mudança da natureza carnívora para onívora. Este estudo pode fornecer informações úteis sobre os hábitos alimentares e de alimentação de R. rita e apresentar subsídios para a preparação de sua dieta em futuras práticas de aquicultura.

Seasonal analysis of food items and feeding habits of endangered riverine catfish Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822)

Abstract This investigation presents the food and feeding activity of and endangered riverine catfish Rita rita, during February 2017-January 2018. A total of 225 fish individuals was analyzed for stomach contents by characterizing the dominant food items and morphometric features. The results divulged ten major food items consumed, preferably fish scales and eggs, teleost fishes, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, and mollusks. Total length and body weight of fish varied between 9-34 cm (20.53 ± 6.90 cm) and 10-400 g (9125.94 ± 102.07 g), respectively. The index of relative importance (IRI%) showed the importance of rotifers over the other food items. Morisitas index of diet overlap indicated seasonal variations in catfish diets with summer and monsoon displaying the least overlap, while maximum overlap during monsoon and winter seasons. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) indicated the close association between the food items available during summer and winter seasons with a significant difference among the seasons (ANOSIM, R = 0.638, P = 0.013). Levins niche breadth index arranged in the order of 0.88>0.81>0.78>0.63>0.43 for the size classes of V, IV, III, II and I, respectively. The PCA explained 95.39% of the total variance among the food items and fish size groups. Small-sized fish individuals displayed a greater correlation with food items suitable for their mouth size. In conclusion, the variety and frequency of food items recorded indicated considerable feeding plasticity and opportunistic feeding behavior with a shift from carnivorous to omnivorous feeding nature. This study could render useful information on the food and feeding habits of R. rita and provide background for preparing its diet for future aquaculture practices.

Resumo Esta investigação apresenta a alimentação e a atividade alimentar de bagres ribeirinhos Rita rita ameaçados de extinção, no período de fevereiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Um total de 225 peixes foi analisado quanto ao conteúdo do estômago, caracterizando os itens alimentares dominantes e as características morfométricas. Os resultados apresentaram dez principais itens alimentares consumidos, preferencialmente escamas e ovos de peixes, teleósteos, copépodes, cladóceros, rotíferos e moluscos. O comprimento total e o peso corporal dos peixes variaram entre 9-34 cm (20,53 ± 6,90 cm) e 10-400 g (9125,94 ± 102,07 g), respectivamente. O índice de importância relativa (IRI%) mostrou a importância dos rotíferos sobre os demais itens alimentares. O índice de sobreposição de dieta de Morisita indicou variações sazonais nas dietas de bagres no verão e nas monções, exibindo a menor sobreposição, enquanto a sobreposição máxima ocorreu durante as estações das monções e do inverno. A escala multidimensional não métrica (nMDS) indicou a estreita associação entre os itens alimentares disponíveis durante o verão e o inverno, com uma diferença significativa entre as estações (ANOSIM, R = 0,638, P = 0,013). O índice de amplitude de nicho de Levin foi organizado na ordem de 0,88 > 0,81 > 0,78 > 0,63 > 0,43 para as classes de tamanho de V, IV, III, II e I, respectivamente. O PCA explicou 95,39% da variação total entre os itens alimentares e os grupos de tamanho de peixes. Peixes de pequeno porte apresentaram maior correlação com itens alimentares adequados ao tamanho da boca. Em conclusão, a variedade e a frequência dos itens alimentares registrados indicaram plasticidade alimentar considerável e comportamento alimentar oportunista, com uma mudança da natureza carnívora para onívora. Este estudo pode fornecer informações úteis sobre os hábitos alimentares e de alimentação de R. rita e apresentar subsídios para a preparação de sua dieta em futuras práticas de aquicultura.

Evaluation of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 as a diagnostic marker for pancreatic malignancy

Background: Carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 is considered as a tumor marker in biliary-pancreatic malignancy. Though a high level may indicate the presence of a malignant disorder, it may rise even in benign condition. Similarly, the value may be normal even in malignant condition.Methods: An observational comparative study was conducted in the Department of Surgery of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from 01 June 2016 to 31 May 2017 to find out the sensitivity and specificity of CA 19-9 as a tumor marker in pancreatic malignancy in our perspective and to find out a cut-off value of CA 19-9 which might prove as a definitive indication of pancreatic malignancy.Results: The study shows when the cut off value of CA 19-9 is 37 U/ml. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were 77.8%, for all four characteristics respectively. But if the serum CA 19-9 threshold used to diagnose pancreatic cancer was raised to 100 and 120, sensitivity decreased to 72.2% and 66.7% and NPV decreased to 76.2% and 73.9% respectively. However, specificity increased to 88.9% and 94.4% and PPV increased to 86.7% and 92.3% respectively.Conclusions: Serum CA 19-9 level may be considered as an important determinant in the diagnosis of malignant pancreatic diseases and to assess the resectability of the lesions preoperatively, but other adjuncts are necessary in the overall management of pancreatic diseases.

Rooftop Gardening: Estimation of Income from a Score of Socio-Ecological Variables

Aims: To study the relationship of total income was incurred from the rooftop gardening with various socio economic and behavioural aspects and elicit the future opportunity for this innovative method in this global warming situation where the world is facing the increasing crisis of availability of the land resources, support sustainability, contamination of ground water, food accessibility, and economic sustainability. Study Design: The locale was selected by purposive sampling technique and the respondents following rooftop gardening had been interacted and was selected by the snowball sampling method. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out during 2017 and 2018. The place, Janai Road of Srirampur, Khanakul-I and Khanakul-II block of Hooghly district, Budge Budge-II, Bishnupur-I and Bishnupur-II of South 24 Parganas and various areas in Kolkata were selected for the study. Methodology: In this present study 50 respondents following rooftop gardens have been interacted and are selected by the snowball sampling method. A semi-structured schedule has been administered to generate women information regarding family composition, the rationale for opting rooftop gardening, the ecological views on roof gardening, and the cost opportunity analysis. The gathered data had been put into multivariate analysis (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences V20.0 (SPSS) of IBM was used for analyzing the Coefficient of Correlation, Stepwise Regression and Path Analysis). Results: Education (X2), rooftop area (X4), diversity of plants (X6), labour charges (X8), organic manure (X11), fertilizer (X13) variables have been found to exert strong and determining contribution to total income. Respondents revealed that it had provided a certain amount of income in addition to the conventional farming income. Conclusion: The study had revealed that Rooftop gardening is not only eco-friendly horticulture but also a successful enterprise, having all the three critical echelons viz. economy, ecology, and equity as well.

Disaster Coping Strategy Practiced by the Affected People for their Livelihood Due to Climate Change

The purpose of the study were to (i) determine the disaster coping strategy practiced by the affected people (ii) assess the socio-economic profile of the respondents, (iii) ascertain the contribution of selected characteristics of the people and (iv) identify the constraints of disaster coping strategy practiced by the affected people. The study was conducted at Gangachara Upazila of Rangpur District. Data were collected from a sample of 302 respondents, randomly selected from disaster affected population. Age, education, family size, farm size, disaster affected land, annual income, training received, extension media contact, knowledge on disaster coping strategy, environmental awareness, household assets, credit facilities, IGAs, water and sanitation condition, risk orientation, awareness about SSNP, perception of Climate Change (CC), perception of disasters and scope of work in vulnerable situation constituted the independent variables, while disaster coping strategy practiced was the dependent variable. For measuring the disaster coping strategy practices, a 4-point rating scale was used against 50 items taking 10 items from each of five components of human needs e.g. 1) food preservation, collection and management, 2) agricultural products protection, 3) maintaining social network, 4) safeguard of health and sanitation, and 5) protection of housing and shelter. Numerical values and scales were used to measure the personal attributes. Regression and path analysis were employed to determine the contribution among the variables. For exploring relationship between the two variables Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (r) was used. The majority (77.8 per cent) of the respondents had regular coping strategies compared to 22.2 per cent were found to have occasional coping strategies in the study area. Among 19 independent variables 16 were found significant relationship with the dependent variable. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that six variables namely education (23 per cent), participation in IGAs (3.6 percent), awareness of SSNPs (2.9 percent), disaster affected land (1.2 percent), farm size (1.9 percent) and perception of CC (1 percent) were the important contributing variables which combined explained 33.6 of the total variation of practice of coping strategy. Path analysis indicated that disaster affected land (0.589) had the highest positive direct effect while farm size (0.643) had the highest positive indirect effect to the disaster coping strategy practice. The major constraints for practicing disaster coping strategy in the study area were ‘Lack of knowledge and skills of affected people‘, ‘Lack of relief materials during disaster‘, ‘Lack of technologies‘, ‘Weak weather forecasting‘, ‘Less motivation’, ‘Low sanitation & health coverage’ and ‘Lack of communication during disasters’,. To cope up with the challenges of the disasters, the people used reduction of food intake per meal, putting goods above flood level, keeping women and children in safer places, using boiled and tube well water, providing health care support to the sick family members, transfer important documents to the safer places, increasing level of homestead with soil, taking relief, credit, religious fasting, using mosque/temple as campaigning center, borrowing principal food from neighbor, use savings, migration, livestock sell, and social interconnectedness as the major coping strategies to survive the situation and improve their livelihood.

Association of biomass fuel smoke exposure and hypertension among rural women of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study

Exposure to biomass fuel smoke has detrimental health effects causing chronic diseases. This study investigated the relationship between biomass fuel smoke exposure and hypertension among the rural Bangladeshi women. A total of 410 women aged 19–60 years were enrolled in this study during April–May 2017 who regularly cooked with biomass fuel in traditional cook stove for the past ?1 year. Self-reported daily cooking hours and lifetime cooking experience of the participants were recorded, and their blood pressure was measured. Participants' age ?40 years, parental history of hypertension, body mass index ?25 kg/m2, and cumulative exposure to biomass smoke were found to be the significant risk factors of hypertension. Every 1 year increase in cumulative exposure to biomass smoke eventually exacerbated the risk of hypertension by 61% (adjusted odds ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–2.22; P < 0.01). This study provides evidence that long-term exposure to biomass fuel smoke is associated with hypertension.

The Incidence In Rheumatic Fever in Age 5-15 Age Group Bangladesh

Introduction: In developing country like Bangladesh rheumaticfever is common diseases occur in children.Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate theincidence in rheumatic fever in age 5-15 age groupBangladesh.Method: This cross sectional study was done at differentprivate hospital in Khulna district from January 2016 to January2017 .where 100 patients data were recorded methodically in apreformed data sheet.Results: In the study 71% patients’ mother was illiterate andmost of them were house wife. Also, most of the patients facedserious heart damage.Conclusion: We can conclude that, overcrowding and lowattainment of education by mothers is responsible for incidenceof RF in children. Further study in needed for better outcome.

The Incidence of Myocardial Infarction in Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Diabetics responsible for a greater mortality rateduring the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI).Objective: In this study our main aim is to evaluate theincidence of myocardial infraction in diabetes mellitus.Methodology: This study was done at different private hospitalin Khulna District. During the period of two years (2015-2017)among 105 patients. Where complete demographic detailssuch as age, gender, blood pressure, smoking and alcoholdetails, previous clinical and medical history were noted for allthe patients. Blood was collected from the patients for randomblood glucose levels and HbA1c levels.Results: In the study patients male patients 26.8% higher thanfemale and 28.1% were known diabetics. 10.7% of them wereidentified as diabetic during the hospitalization. Also wherediabetic patients who have had an MI previously are more atrisk to a recurrent MI rather than those without.Conclusion: From result we can conclude that the chronic andacute hyperglycemia linked with acute myocardial infarction isan independent and determinant factor in the outcome forpatients with and without diabetes mellitus. Further study isneeded for better outcome.

Management for abdominal pregnancy at Dhaka: A case report

Pregnancy in abdominal cavity is an unusual type of ectopic pregnancy having excessive illness as well as death for the mother and the unborn baby. Identification and management may present several complications, particularly in low-resource centers. A higher level of doubt is crucial in making a timely diagnosis in these cases. A 25-year-old third gravida patient was shifted to a tertiary care center in the city on the advice of failed induction. Her previous attempt of abortion procedure failed. It was observed from her ultrasonography that her right lower abdominal cavity contained single deformed fetus with no cardiac activity. After successful laparotomy, the mass was removed from in between uterus and urinary bladder. This situation shows that several pregnancies of abdomen could be supervised properly. A case is presented here where a pregnancy in abdomen was productively taken care of by operational laparotomy. The patient had a healthy recovery. This occurrence shows that operative laparotomy is a secure substitute for the supervision of appropriately designated patients in midtrimester pregnancy in abdomen.

Triple Versus Double Antianginal Combinations in the Treatment of Patients with Stable Angina with Impaired LV Function: A Single Center Registry

ackground: Aims: To compare the anti ischaemic efficiency of antianginal thepapy using a combination of metoprolol, Long acting nitrate (LAN) & trimetazidine/ranolazine in patients with stable effort angina with impaired LV function. Methods: The study enrolled 200 patients (male & female) aged 55-70 years with stable effort induced angina (functional class II and III angina) documented coronary artery disease. When the patients taking metoprolol 50mg twice daily& LAN 2.6 mg twice daily continued to have angina, after that 120 patients received an additional 35mg of trimetazidine twice a day or ranolazine 500 mg twice daily & 80 patients had double antianginal thepapy –methoprolol & LAN. Treadmill exercise test and transthoracic echocardiography were performed at weeks (WO, & W12). Results: After 12 weeks, treadmill exercise showed there were significantly greater improvements in the triple antianginal group (metoprolol+ LAN+ trimetazidine / ranolazine): time to I mm ST segment depression, maximum ST segment depression, mean weekly number of angina attacks, mean weekly nitrate consumption, & grade of angina pain and transthoracic echocardiogram showed improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Conclusion: Triple antianginal thepapy with metoprolol+ LAN+ trimetazidine/ ranolazine combinations produced significant improvement in exercise stress test & the symptoms of angina relative to double antianginal therapy(metoprolol+ LAN) as well as improved left ventricular function.

Variations in Placental Attachment of Umbilical Cord.

Background: Our study aims to evaluate the variations in umbilical cord attachment to placenta by dissection method. Methods: Placentas for this study were obtained from the OBG Department and collected by the Department of Anatomy SRMS IMS. The placentas were washed, cleared, dissected and site of placental attachment to umbilical cord were observed. Variations in the type of insertion were noted. Result: Majority of the placentas showed central and eccentric attachments of the cord. Few abnormal placentas were observed with velamentous and marginal insertions of the umbilical cord. Conclusion: Abnormalities in the placental attachment of the umbilical cord can result in various complications of pregnancy and adversely affect the fetal outcome as well. Knowledge of the variations in attachment of the umbilical cord is very significant and of extensive use to obstetricians as well as anatomists. Frequently abnormal cord insertions may be associated with intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labour and congenital abnormalities.

Knowledge on Care of Autistic Child among the Mother’s Attending Protibondhi Foundation, Dhaka.

Objective: Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear. This descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted to explore the knowledge on care of autistic children among the mother’s attending Protibondhi Foundation, Dhaka. Methods: A total of 385 samples were selected purposively, but due to time and budget constrict it was 150 finally. Data were collected by using an anonymous, pre-tested, semi structured and self-administered questionnaire. Results: The study revealed that more than 50% of the respondent’s were in the age group 16-30 years, majority of the respondent’s were Muslim. Almost 84% of the respondents were SSC-Graduate and majority of them (nearly 50%) were housewife .The monthly family income was ranged between Taka 25,001-50,000 and its percentage was 53.3%. The knowledge about type of autism is very low, the data showed that only two types of autism they knew and the respondent’s knowledge about the risk factor was also very low; only 24% of the respondents had knowledge about complications during pregnancy and delivery related risk factors. About 28% needed physiotherapy, 30% needed occupational therapy, 34% needed speech therapy & 44.7% needed psychotherapy. Here significant association was found between age, education and knowledge about autism (p<0.05). Conclusion: Overall knowledge on care of autistic child was not satisfactory among respondents.

Preoperative malignant looking retrobulbar, infratemporal and middle cranial fossa tuberculoma in a young child - a case report.

Tuberculosis involving skull base and brain is relatively common in developing countries. Preoperative neuro-radiological features of such lesions mimic neoplastic lesions of brain & skull base and postoperative histopathological study brings the ultimate diagnosis. Here we present a case of large tubercular lesion involving retrobulbar, infratemporal and middle cranial fossa that preoperatively thought to be a malignant lesion in a young child and was managed surgically with anti-tubercular drugs having a happy termination. Even radiologically malignant looking mass lesion in brain and skull base can be proved as tuberculosis that can bring happiness to the patient and also to the treating neurosurgeons.

Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Developments.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease occurring three times more in females throughout the world affecting 1-2% of the adult population in all ethnic groups, usually in the age group of 25-60 years. Although the role of CD4 + T helper lymphocytes in the aetiopathogenesis has been studied for more than three decades, the focus on CD4 + T helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes and its associated cytokines is much more recent. The cytokines such as IL-17 and IFN-g induce secondary cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-a , etc which possibly cause inflammation in joints. This cytokine cascade, therefore, offers a number of points and opportunities for immunointervention in RA. The present review article highlights some of the major aspects of the immunopathogenesis that involve Th17 cells and their association relevant to recent developments in the treatment of RA.

Effects of Diet and Exercise in Middle Aged Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance.

Patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are now considered as being pre-diabetic, which indicates their relatively high risk for developing diabetes mellitus associated with abnormal metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. However, dietary modification and physical exercise may play a critical role in this respect. To determine the influence of dietary modification and physical exercise in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in Bangladesh, thirty three newly detected otherwise healthy subjects with IGT, aged 30-63 years, were randomly selected to participate in a 12 weeks diet and exercise program. Substantial improvement in glucose tolerance was observed at the end of 12 weeks particularly in middle aged subjects (41-50 years). Mean fasting blood glucose and 2 hr post load glucose value were reduced significantly. Glucose tolerance was reverted to normal in 66.7% of the participants, remained unchanged in 26.7% and deteriorated to diabetes in 6.7%. Significant reduction in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol along with mild deterioration in HDL cholesterol and increase in triglyceride values were observed. It was found that the principles of 'prudent diet' in combination with physical exercise are highly effective in improving glucose tolerance, lowering total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in IGT subjects.

Assessment in Undergraduate Medical Education: Bangladesh Perspectives.

Background: Medical education in Bangladesh is totally controlled by the Government and run a unique undergraduate curriculum throughout the country in both public and private sectors. This paper is aimed to briefly describe the medical education reform in Bangladesh and suggests further assessment changes. The present official form of undergraduate medical curriculum has first evolved in 1988 followed by revision in 2002 and 2012. Assessment and teaching are the two sides of the same coin. Assessment drives learning and learning drives practices. Following the curriculum reform since 2002, the assessment in undergraduate medical education has been greatly changed. There are a lot of in-course formative assessments which include item examination, card final and term final, designed to improve the quality of education. Ten percent marks of summative written examinations derive from formative assessment. Traditional oral examination has been changed to structured form to ensure greater reliability. Even then, teachers are not yet building up to conduct oral examination in such a structured way. Examiners differ in their personality, style and level of experience with variation of questioning and scoring from student to students. Weakness of reliability on oral examination still exists. Students also feel very stressful during the oral examinations. Moreover, to conduct such oral examination, three to four months times per year are lost by the faculties which can be efficiently utilised for teaching and research purposes. Worlds' leading medical schools now-a-days used oral examination only for borderline and distinction students. Bangladesh also must consider oral examination only for borderline and distinction students.

Lead Exposure and Intellectual Function: Findings from Primary School Children in Bangladesh.

Backgrounds: About 120 million people around the world are overexposed to lead which is neurotoxic and 99 percent of the most severely affected children are in the developing world including Bangladesh. Methods and Materials: The present cross-sectional ecological study was carried out to explore the impact of lead poisoning on the intelligence level among 84 primary school children of a school of Bangladesh, aged between 8 and 14 years from September 2010 through January 2011. The research instrument was an interviewer questionnaire, questionnaire for IQ test and assessment of blood lead level (inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry with collision/reaction cells) of the study subjects after obtaining permission from their parents and the school authority. Results: Data were cross-checked and frequency distribution and association using chi-square test was accomplished. Background information depicted majority (69.1%) of the children aged10-11 years (mean = 10.25 ±1.177 yrs), female (51.2%), parents having primary level of education or below (73.8% in case of father and 77.4% in mother) and from lower socioeconomics (78.6% earned BDT 10,000 or below per month). Among all, majority (56%) were found to be moron, 27.4% in borderline, while 8.3% were imbecile with the same proportion with normal level. By their blood lead level. Majority (70.2%) had blood lead level up to 10 microgram/dl and the rest (29.8%) had more than 10 microgram/ dl. Though no statistically significant association was found between IQ level of the children and their blood lead level (p>0.05), the health problems found among the respondents as abdominal pain (53.57%), impatience (14.29%), nausea (10.71%) and all other problems (loss of concentration to study, ear problem, anorexia and loss of weight) amounting for 21.43% are suggestive of chronic lead poisoning. Conclusion: Further studies in large scale with larger samples including comparative studies of inter-industrial areas have been strongly recommended.