Etiology and severity of various forms of ocular war injuries in patients presenting at an army hospital in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the etiology and severity of various forms of ocular war injuries in patients presenting at an Army Hospital in Pakistan

Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar over four years period from June 2012 through March 2016, Two hundred ten consecutive soldiers who presented with ocular war injuries were included for analysis after taking written informed consent. A predesigned proforma was used to record patient's demographic details along with the cause, side, type and severity of injury, ocular trauma score was also recorded at presentation

Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.34 +/- 5.35 years. All of them were males. Left side was more frequently involved [n=126, 60.0%] and the most frequent underlying cause was IED blast injury [n=114, 54.3%]. Closed globe injuries were more frequent and were recorded in 120 [57.1%] patients. Upon assigning Ocular Trauma Score, Grade-V [28.6%] injuries were the most frequent followed by Grade-I [25.7%], Grade III [25.7%], Grade II [11.4%] and Grade IV [8.6%]. When stratified for the type of injury, OTS Grade I injuries were highest [60.0%] among patients with open globe injuries, hence poorer prognosis, while OTS Grade V injuries were highest [50.0%] among patients with closed globe injuries [p=0.000]

Conclusion: IED blast injuries are most frequently encountered ocular war injuries often involving soldiers in the age group 20-30 years. These open globe injuries had worst clinical presentation to begin with and poorer prognosis than closed globe injuries

Son preference in Pakistan: M Myth or reality

Objective: To analyze desire for sons/daughters among ladies of Peshawar, Pakistan, with a view to rule out son preference and to study impact of various demographic characteristics on the subject

Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar, from August 2015 - January 2016; sampling technique was random/probability/non-purposive. Self-designed questionnaire was utilized; carrying questions pertinent to desire for sons/daughters during marital life, and demographic details. Data analyzed via descriptive analysis [SPSS-21], expressed as frequencies/ percentages and mean +/- standard deviation [minimum/maximum]

Sons and daughters desired [dependent variables] were cross-tabulated with independent variables

Results: Response rate was 63.25% [n-506]

Data revealed following: Sons desired 3.05 +/- 2.061[1/12]; Daughters desired 1.15 +/- 0.767[0/4]; 6.1%[n-31] and 0.6%[n-3] desired infinite number of sons and daughters respectively, 18.2%[n-92] did not desire to have even one daughter, while 2.2%[n-11] considered it immaterial to have daughters or sons

There was a significant relation between sons desired and client's education [p<0.001], husband's education [p<0.001] and socioeconomic class [p<0.001]. There was no significant impact of religion [p-0.142] on desire for sons. Impact of independent variables on daughters desired was similar but less pronounced

Conclusion: There was candid son preference among the respondents. Gender discrimination can be attenuated by adequately addressing son preference at all tiers

Trends of contraception among ladies of local population in Pakistan; why, how, when and what?

Objective: To analyze trends of use of methods of contraception along with study of impact of various demographic and social factors on contraception in Peshawar, Pakistan

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study with random purposive sampling was conducted at Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, from Mar 2015-Nov 2015. Self-designed questionnaire with demographic details and questions pertinent to contraceptive practices was utilized as study instrument. Females reporting to concerned hospital for contraceptive advice and prescription were distributed with questionnaire and written informed consent form. Formal approval was taken from ethical committee of hospital. Data was analyzed via descriptive analysis [SPSS-21], qualitative data was expressed as frequencies and percentages; quantitative as mean +/- standard deviation [SD]. Main outcome variable i-e contraceptive device used; was cross-tabulated with independent variables

Results: Response rate was 53.2% [n-426]. Usage of contraceptive device was as follows; 51.2% Nil, 9.4% barriers, 22.3% oral/injectable hormones, 13.4% IUCDs, 3.8% sterilization. There was a strong relationship between type of contraceptives used and age [p<0.001], client's education [p<0.001], husband's education [p<0.001], number of children [p<0.001], religion [p0.013], socioeconomic class [p<0.001], and religious beliefs about use of contraceptives [p<0.001]. More Muslims considered contraception irreligious than non-Muslims [p 0.02]. There was no significant impact of husbands' pressure to not to use contraceptives on type of contraception practised [p 0.114]

Conclusion: Contraceptive devices are under-utilized in the study participants. Multidisciplinary approach should be applied to enhance client education, awareness and counseling to utilize these devices more appropriately and regularly

Effects of Camellia sinensis L. [green tea] extract on the body and testicular weight changes in adult Wistar rats

This research was aimed to study the effects of oral administration of Camellia sinensis L. on the testicular and body weights of adult Wistar rats for short and long time periods. The adult Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups [A, B and C]. Every group had ten rats. Green tea extract 0.692% [w/v] was given to groups A and B on daily basis. The extracts were prepared fresh and given for a period of ten and thirty days, respectively, while distilled water was given to the group C rats only. The adult Wistar rats were sacrificed on eleventh and thirty-first day of experiment for the particular groups. The testes were dissected out cautiously, free from the supporter tissues and weighed to the adjacent 1 mg. There is no significant difference in the body weight in all 3 groups. Moreover, it was observed that Wistar rat's testicular weight was considerably increased in group B but no major changes were seen in group A. Our results indicated that green tea when given for short period of time may be effective to the testes but has no consequence on Wistar rat's body weight. However, it is indistinct if these alterations are reversible

Comparative study on neem leaf extract and nimolicin [NC] on gastric mucosa of albino rats

Compare the anti ulcer effect of Methanolic Neem [Azadirachta indica, A Juss, Meliaceae] Leaf Extract [NLE] and Neem compound Nimolicin on gastric mucosa of albino rats. Azadiradione also called Nimolicine coded as NC has been studied for its anti insect effect but anti ulcer effect has never been studied. Experimental study. This study was carried out at the Pharmacy and Physiology Department of Baqai Medical College for duration of two years. Gastric ulcers in albino rats were induced in group-1 [check group] by a single oral dose of 1 ml 100% ethanol. After 24 hours the treatment was started. Group-2 was treated with oral administration of pea nut oil 1 ml/day for 5 days [control of the treated group]. Group-3 was treated with NLE [1 ml/day for 5 days] and Group-4 with NC 1% [1 ml/day for 5 days]. The healing effects of neem were compared to oral administration of anti ulcer drugs ranitidine [50mg/kg daily for 5 days] and omeperazole [2.5 mg/kg daily for 10 days]. Histopathology of the stomach was performed to confirm the presence or healing of ulcers. Ulcers were scored and indexed on the basis of histopathology. Ranitidine had the highest ulcer inhibition of 84%. NLE proved to be better than omeperazole by showing an ulcer inhibition of 82 % compared to 73% ulcer inhibition of omeperazole. NC showed least anti ulcer activity with an ulcer inhibition of only 69%. HPLC was performed to show the tissue concentration of NC, omeparazole and ranitidine showing their retention time, area and concentration compared to their controls. It is concluded that NLE proved to be better anti ulcer agent as compared to NC and can be used as an anti ulcer drug after clinical trials

Assessment of Cedrus deodara root oil on the histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tissues in rats

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Cedrus deodara root oil on the histopathology of different gastrointestinal organs of Wistar rats. This oil was used traditionally as an anti-ulcer agent in the Indus Unic System and extracted from the plant root by destructive distillation method. A total of 90 rats were taken and divided into groups A, B and C, each comprising of 30 animals. The animals of group B and C were given 0.5 ml/kg and 2.5 ml/kg of C. deodara oil respectively while group A served as control and administered vehicle only. The treatment was given to the animals ones only for 24 hours. All animals were sacrificed and the organs like esophagus, stomach and ileum were taken out. Tissue processing and staining procedure was then carried out for any pathological changes in the animal tissues during microscopic examination. The results indicated that Cedurs deodara root oil at both doses 0.5ml/ kg and 2.5 ml/kg exhibited some adverse effects such as erosion of epithelium, edema on sub-mucosal and mucosal layers, congestion of blood vessels as well as presence of inflammatory cells on esophagus, stomach and ileum were seen. Moreover shortening of villi was also seen at both doses. A study conducted on mammalian toxicity previously on rats revealed that the C. deodara root oil used is not very toxic and comes under least toxic group as standardized by toxicologists. Based on the results obtained it was concluded that C. deodara root oil produced some adverse changes in the tissues of GIT when given at 0.5 ml/kg and 2.5 ml/kg doses but the effects were not lethal therapeutically at this dose LC[50] 16.5 ml/kg. The plant oil showed some toxicity and needs further detailed studies to assess its potential toxicity and therapeutic status before using this material as drug

effect of neem [Azadirachta indica] leaf extract and neem compound nimolicine on gastric acidity

This study has been conducted to look at the and acid effect of Neem and to compare the effect of leaf extract with the pure compound nimolicine on the gastric acidity. Nimolicine has been studied for its anti acid effect for the first time. Experimental study. This study was conducted in the department of Physiology, Baqai Medical College and the Department of Pharmacology in Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karachi. Ethanol induced gastric ulcers in albino rats were treated with methanolic neem leaf extract [800mg/day for 5 days] and nimolicine [1%/day for 3 days] and the gastric acid secretion was estimated. The control of the treated group was given peanut oil 1 ml/day for 5 days. The effect on gastric secretion was compared with the effect of anti-ulcer drugs cimetidine [50 mg/kg for 7-10 days] and omeperazole [2.5 mg/kg/day for 7-14 days]. Neem leaf extract is a better suppressor of H-ion secretion compared to nimolicine but both neem leaf extract and nimolicine did not show a significant suppression of acid compared to ranitidine and omeperazole. The comparison between control and ranitidine in suppression of acid was significant. Methanolic NLE and neem compound nimolicine do not decrease gastric acidity and their role as anti-ulcer agents may be because of other mechanisms which need to be studied

effect of abietic acid [cedrus deodara compound] on the histopathology of rat stomach in comparison with ulcer healing drugs

The aim of this study is to observe the anti-ulcer effects of Abietic acid [a compound of Cedrus deodara] on the histopathology of rat's stomach in comparison with standard anti-ulcer drugs such as Femotidine [H2 receptor blocker] and Protonix [a proton pump inhibitor]. Experimental study. This study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi. This study was carried out on 50 albino rats of Wistar Strain for experimental purpose. The animals were divided into five groups and each group comprised of 10 rats [i.e. 5 male and 5 female]. The experimental procedure was repeated for three times. The compound of abietic acid was provided by the chemistry department of Karachi University. The ulcer was induced in the animals by giving 1ml of 100% ethanol after 48 hrs of fasting. The induction of ulcer in animal was then treated with abietic acid [25 mg/kg for 2 weeks] orally through feeding tube. The ulcer healing effects of this compound were then compared with the effect of known anti-ulcer drugs. Abietic acid used in this study showed the healing effects on the mucosal epithelium of stomach, decreased inflammatory cells and formation of granulation tissues on the sub mucosal layer during histopathological examination. It is thus concluded that abietic acid has an anti-ulcerative effects when given in the required dose and may be adapted in the management of gastrointestinal disorders particularly in peptic ulcer

Effects of STZ-induced diabetes on the relative weights of kidney, liver and pancreas in albino rats: a comparative study / Efectos de la diabetes inducida por STZ en los pesos relativos de riñón, hígado y páncreas en ratas albinas: un estudio comparativo

We studied the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on the body weights of animals and the relative weights of kidney, liver and pancreas in albino rats. The aim of the study was to find an association between the reduction in the body weights of diabetic animals and the relative weights of kidney, liver and pancreas in proportion to the body weight of animals in albino rats. This study was performed in the Department of Anatomy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi and Pathology department of College of Physicians & Surgeons (CPSP) Pakistan in 2007-08. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg, b.w.) given intraperitoneally in sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.5. Eighty albino rats were divided into five groups: control (A) and STZ treated (B, C, D, and E) which were sacrificed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post treatment respectively. All the animals were weighed prior to the administration of streptozotocin and at sacrificial time. Kidney, liver and pancreas were removed, dried and weighed on Sartorius balance. The body weights of animals in different groups changed at variable time intervals. The Kidney weight was significantly increased, liver weight was slightly increased while the weight of pancreas was unaffected when compared with the weight of diabetic animals. It seems that the STZ-induced diabetes causes a significant reduction in the body weight of diabetic animals while the relative weights of kidney and liver were increased and the weight of pancreas was unaffected.

Se estudiaron en ratas albinas los efectos de la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina (STZ) sobre el peso corporal de los animales y los pesos relativos de riñón, hígado y páncreas . El objetivo del estudio fue encontrar una asociación entre la reducción del peso corporal de los animales diabéticos y los pesos relativos de riñón, hígado y páncreas en proporción al peso corporal de los animales. Este estudio fue realizado en el Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Médica Baqa y Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos Pakistán (CPSP) en 2007-08. La diabetes fue inducida por una dosis única de STZ (45 mg / kg de peso corporal) administrados por vía intraperitoneal en tampón de citrato de sodio a pH 4,5. Ochenta ratas Wistar se dividieron en cinco grupos: control (A) y STZ tratadas (B, C, D y E), que se sacrificaron 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas después del tratamiento respectivamente. Todos los animales fueron pesados antes de la administración de estreptozotocina, y en el momento del sacrificio. El riñón, hígado y páncreas fueron removidos, secados y pesados sobre una balanza Sartorius. El peso corporal de los animales en los diferentes grupos cambió en intervalos de tiempo variables. El peso del riñón aumentó significativamente, el peso del hígado se incrementó ligeramente, mientras que el peso del páncreas no se modificó en comparación con el peso de los animales diabéticos. Parece que la diabetes inducida por STZ causa una reducción significativa del peso corporal de los animales diabéticos, mientras que el peso relativo de los riñones y elhígado se incrementaron y el peso de páncreas no se vio afectado.

Altered liver morphology and enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats / Morfología y enzimas del hígado alteradas en ratas con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina

This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship and effects of diabetes on liver morphology, architecture and function. The hepatic effects of diabetes were evaluated in vivo using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats as an experimental model. The degree of hepatic dysfunction was measured by using biochemical parameters like serum transaminases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)and pseudocholinesterase (PChE) while the histopathological studies were carried out to support the enzymic Parameters. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between diabetic hepatic complications and liver enzyme alterations. This study was performed in the Department of Anatomy; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Diabetology and endocrinology of Baqai Medical University, Karachi. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg, b.w.) given intraperitoneally in sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.5. Eighty albino rats were divided into five groups: control (A) and STZ treated (B, C, D, and E) which were sacrificed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post treatment respectively. Histopathological examination of liver showed accumulation of lipid droplets, lymphocytic infiltration, increased fibrous content, dilatation and congestion of portal vessels and proliferation of bile ducts. Increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ALP and PChE were observed in the liver. It seems that the diabetic complications in the liver like hepatocyte destruction etc. are likely to be due to alterations in enzyme levels.

Este estudio se realizó para evaluar la relación y los efectos de la diabetes sobre la morfología, arquitectura y la función del hígado. Los efectos hepáticos de la diabetes se evaluaron in vivo utilizando estreptozotocina (STZ) para inducir diabetes en ratas como un modelo experimental. El grado de disfunción hepática se midió mediante el uso de parámetros bioquímicos, como las transaminasas séricas (ALT y AST), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y pseudocolinesterasa (PChE), mientras que los estudios histopatológicos se llevaron a cabo para apoyar los parámetros enzimáticos. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre las complicaciones hepáticas diabéticas y la alteración de enzimas hepáticas. Este estudio se realizó en el Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y el Instituto de Diabetología y Endocrinología de la Baqai Medical University, Karachi. La diabetes fue inducida por una dosis única de STZ (45 mg/kg de peso corporal) administrada por vía intraperitoneal en tampón citrato de sodio a pH 4,5. Ochenta ratas albinas se dividieron en cinco grupos: control (A) y tratados con STZ (B, C, D y E), las que se sacrificaron a las 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas después del tratamiento. El examen histopatológico de hígado mostró acumulación de gotitas de lípidos, infiltración linfocítica, aumento del contenido de fibras, dilatación y congestión de los vasos portales, y la proliferación de conductos biliares. Aumento de los niveles de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), ALP y PChE fueron observados en el hígado. Parece que las complicaciones de la diabetes en el hígado como la destrucción de los hepatocitos etc., son probablemente debido a alteraciones en los niveles de las enzimas.

Altered kidney morphology and enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats / Morfología y enzimas renales alteradas en ratas con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocin

We studied the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on kidney morphology, anatomy, architecture and on the activities of aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and pseudocholinesterase (PChE) in albino rats. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between diabetic kidney complications and kidney enzyme alterations. This study was performed in the Department of Anatomy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi and Pathology department of College of Physicians & Surgeons (CPSP) Pakistan in 2007-08. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg, b.w.) given intraperitoneally in sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.5. Eighty (80) albino rats were divided into five groups: control (A) and STZ treated (B, C, D, and E) which were sacrificed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post treatment respectively. Histopathology of kidney showed lesions similar to human glomerulosclerosis, glomerular membrane thickening, arteriolar hyalinization and tubular necrosis. Increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and pseudocholinesterase (PChE) were observed in the kidney. It seems that the diabetic complications in the kidney are likely to be associated with alterations in enzyme levels.

Se estudiaron los efectos de la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocin (STZ) sobre la morfología, anatomía, arquitectura y sobre las actividades de aminotransferasas (ALT y AST), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y pseudocolinesterasa (PChE) en los riñones de ratas albinas. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre las complicaciones renales diabéticas y la alteración de las enzimas renales. Este estudio se realizó en el Departamento de Anatomía y el Instituto de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Medicina Baqai, Karachi y el departamento de Patología de Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos (CPSP) Pakistán entre el 2007-2008. La diabetes fue inducida por una dosis única de STZ (45 mg / kg de peso corporal) administrada por vía intraperitoneal en tampón de citrato de sodio a pH 4.5. Ochenta (80) ratas albinas fueron divididas en cinco grupos: control (A) y STZ tratados (B, C, D y E), que se sacrificaron a las 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas después del tratamiento, respectivamente. La histopatología del riñón mostró lesiones similares a la glomeruloesclerosis en humanos, engrosamiento de la membrana glomerular, hialinización arteriolar y necrosis tubular. Aumento de los niveles de aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y pseudocolinesterasa (PChE) fueron observados en el riñón. Parece que las complicaciones de la diabetes en el riñón están directamente asociadas con alteraciones en los niveles de las enzimas.

Dry eye syndrome frequency in adult patients attending the eye clinic in Military Hospital Rawalpindi

To determine the frequency of dry eye syndrome in adult patients. A descriptive study. Eye Department Military Hospital Rawalpindi. From June 2004 to December 2004. A total of hundred patients were randomly selected from the daily OPD at eye department, MH Rawalpindi. They were tested for the presence of dry eye syndrome by Rose Bengal staining, Schirmer tear strip measurements and Tear film break up time. A total of 67 males and 33 females were recruited. Out of these 10 males and 6 females were found to be having dry eye syndrome. Mean patient age was 34.3 +/- 1.3 years [range 20-60 years]. The frequency of dry eye syndrome in adult patients attending the eye clinic of Military Hospital Rawalpindi is 16%. To determine the frequency of dry eye syndrome in adult patients. A descriptive study. Eye Department Military Hospital Rawalpindi. From June 2004 to December 2004. A total of hundred patients were randomly selected from the daily OPD at eye department, MH Rawalpindi. They were tested for the presence of dry eye syndrome by Rose Bengal staining, Schirmer tear strip measurements and Tear film break up time. A total of 67 males and 33 females were recruited. Out of these 10 males and 6 females were found to be having dry eye syndrome. Mean patient age was 34.3 +/- 1.3 years [range 20-60 years]. The frequency of dry eye syndrome in adult patients attending the eye clinic of Military Hospital Rawalpindi is 16%

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy

The objective of study to assess the success of pars plana vitrectomy with use of silicone Oil for internal tamponade in traumatic rhegmatogenous R D with severe PVR. This study was carried out in department of Ophthalmology Military Hospital Rawalpindi. Fifteen cases with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy [PVR Grade C, according to up dated retina Society Classification of 1991] was included in study. All the patients had traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with history of blunt ocular trauma, without globe rupture, outcome of the treatment was assessed by post operative anatomical and physiological success. Anatomical success was encouraging in-spite of advance disease and technically difficult and complicated intra-ocular maneuvers

Frequency and risk factor of abdominal wound dehiscence

To find out the frequency of abdominal wound dehiscence [AWD] in a tertiary care hospital and the assessment of associated risk factors. Design: a cross sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Nishter Hospital Multan between May 1998 to May 2000. Subjects and This study was carried out on 406 patients who underwent laparotomy for intra peritoneal procedure and complied with inclusion criteria. Demographic features were recorded and any complications documented. Out of a total of 406 patients, 32 showed wound dehiscence giving an over all frequency of 7.8%. The male to female ratio was 2.8:1. The frequency was greater in males than in females. Majority patients suffered from an underlying malignancy. Malignant intestinal obstruction was the leading cause of wound dehiscence. Forty three patients had hypo-albuminemia[serum albumin <35 gm/l] and 09 of them had AWD. Emergency surgery showed a higher frequency of AWD[12.5%], as compared to elective surgery [18/143 and 14/263 respectively]. Wound infection was a major contributor to AWD as out of 406, 76 patients developed infection and then 21 manifested AWD. older age was also associated with greater frequency. The overall mortality of AWD in this study was 28.1%. AWD still continues to be major post operative complication, with a high morbidity and mortality. The significant risk factors in this study were age more than 55 years, male gender, underlying malignancy, wound infection, jaundice, use of steroids, emergency surgery, uraemia and technique of closure