ABSTRACT
Introduction: There has been conclusive evidence that defunctioning stoma with either transverse colostomy or ileostomy mitigates the serious consequences of anastomotic leakage. However,whether transverse colostomy or ileostomy is preferred for defunctioning a rectal anastomosis remains controversial. The present study was designed to identify the best defunctioning stoma for colorectal anastomosis. Objective: To improve the quality of life in patients with rectal resection and anastomosis and reduce the morbidity before and after closure of the stoma. Patients and Methods The present study included 48 patients with elective colorectal resection who were randomly arranged into 2 equal groups, with 24 patients each. Group I consisted of patients who underwent ileostomy, and group II consisted of patients who underwent colostomy as a defunctioning stoma for a low rectal anastomosis. All surviving patients were readmitted to have their stoma closed and were followed-up for 6 months after closure of their stomas. All data regarding local and general complications of construction and closure of the stoma of the two groups were recorded and blotted against each other to clarify the most safe and tolerable procedure. Results: We found that all nutritional deficiencies, dehydration, electrolytes imbalance, peristomal dermatitis, and frequent change of appliances are statistically more common in the ileostomy group, while stomal retraction and wound infection after closure of the stoma were statistically more common in the colostomy group. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the total hospital stay and mortality between the two groups. Conclusion and Recommendation: Ileostomy has much higher morbidities than colostomy and it also has a potential risk of mortality; therefore, we recommend colostomy as the ideal method for defunctioning a distal colorectal anastomosis. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Rectum/surgery , Anastomosis, Surgical/methods , Surgical Stomas/adverse effects , Colostomy , Ileostomy , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Abstract Fumigant activities for three essential oils; Garlic oil (Allium sativum L); Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) were assessed at different concentrations against the adult and 20-days old larval stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the laboratory. The accumulative mortality was observed at different exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days). The residual effect of garlic oil that was the effective oil, on the treated wheat grains was evaluated with respect to histological changes in the liver, kidney, and stomach of rat fed on this treated wheat. The results showed that the mortality rates of treated stages increased with increasing the time of fumigation treatment. Moreover the highest essential oils toxicity at the Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days) to fumigation were (126, 53, and 47 mg/L air) for adult stage and were (79, 62, and 41 mg/L air) for larval stage, respectively in the case of Garlic oil treatment. While, the lowest essential oils effective was Nigella oil at the Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days) to fumigation were (3594, 629, and 335 mg/L air) for adult stage and were (1040, 416, and 227 mg/L air) for larval stage, respectively. The toxicity effect of various essential oils against adults and larvae of T. castaneum at the LC50at 7 days fumigation could be arranged in descending order as follows: Garlic oil, Chili pepper oil, and Nigella oil. The histological changes showed that the organs slightly affected at the fumigation for 3 days. It may be concluded that the garlic essential oil is the good effective fumigant to control T. castaneum in the stored products and it recommended that the fumigation period does not exceed 3 days. The garlic essential oil has the potential for applications in IPM programs for stored-grain pests because of its high volatility and fumigant activity and its safety.
Resumo Atividades fumigantes de três óleos essenciais - óleo de alho (Allium sativum L.); pimenta-malagueta (Capsicum annuum L.) e Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) - foram avaliadas em diferentes concentrações contra adultos e larvas de Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) com 20 dias de idade em laboratório. A mortalidade acumulada foi observada em diferentes períodos de exposição (3, 5 e 7 dias). O efeito residual do óleo de alho, ou seja, o óleo eficaz, nos grãos de trigo tratados foi avaliado em relação às alterações histológicas no fígado, rim e estômago de ratos alimentados com esse trigo tratado. Os resultados mostraram que as taxas de mortalidade dos estágios tratados cresceram com o aumento do tempo de exposição ao tratamento de fumigação. A maior toxidade dos óleos essenciais nos valores de Concentração Letal Média (CL50) para os períodos de exposição (3, 5 e 7 dias) à fumigação foi (126, 53 e 47 mg/L ar) para a fase adulta e (79, 62 e 41 mg/L ar) para a fase de larva, respectivamente no caso do tratamento com o óleo de alho, enquanto que o óleo essencial menos eficaze foi o óleo de Nigella, com valores de CL50 para os períodos de exposição (3, 5 e 7 dias) à fumigação (3594, 629 e 335 mg/L ar) para a fase adulta, e (1040, 416 e 227 mg/L ar) para a fase de larva, respectivamente. O efeito da toxidade de vários óleos essenciais contra adultos e larvas de T. castaneum em LC50 aos sete dias de fumigação pôde ser organizado em ordem decrescente, como segue: óleo de alho, óleo de pimenta e óleo de Nigella. As alterações histológicas mostraram que os órgãos foram levemente afetados na fumigação por três dias. Pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial de alho é um bom fumigante efetivo no controle de T. castaneum nos produtos armazenados, e recomendou-se que o período de fumigação não ultrapassasse três dias. O óleo essencial de alho tem potencial para aplicações em programas de Integrated Pests Management (IPM) para pragas de grãos armazenados, devido à sua alta volatilidade, atividade fumigante e respectiva segurança.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Tribolium , Coleoptera , Oils, Volatile/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , Safety , MammalsABSTRACT
Abstract Radio frequency plasma, RF plasma, has been applied to a number of industrial applications. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the RF plasma potential in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) control. Three treatment variables: (1) helium or argon plasmas; (2) two power levels (50 and 100 watt); and (3) different RF plasma exposure times (0, 20, 40, 60 and 90 seconds) were examined in this study. The susceptibility of T. castaneum to treatment varies as gas, power level, and the exposure time varies. A positive correlation was found between insect mortality percent in treating larvae as well as treated pupae and exposure time to RF plasma and also the power level of irradiation. The results revealed that no live insects were found after a 90 second, 100 watt helium RF plasma treatment. The survival percents of the adults were developed from treated larvae and treated pupae were significantly reduced by increasing of the exposure time or power level. Obtained data indicated that the treatment with RF plasma might be considered as an environmentally compatible or alternative supplement to the other control methods for stored product-pests management.
Resumo Plasma de radiofrequência, plasma de RF, tem sido empregado em diversas aplicações industriais. Experimentos de laboratório foram conduzidos para determinar o potencial de plasma de RF no controle de Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Foram examinados nesse estudo três variáveis de tratamento: (1) plasma de hélio ou argônio; (2) dois níveis de potência (50 e 100 watts); e (3) diferentes tempos de exposição ao plasma de RF (0, 20, 40, 60 e 90 segundos). A suscetibilidade do T. castaneum ao tratamento varia conforme o gás, o nível de energia e o tempo de exposição. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva dentre a porcentagem de mortalidade de insetos no tratamento de larvas, bem como as pupas tratadas e o tempo de exposição ao plasma de RF, e também o nível de potência da irradiação. Os resultados revelaram que não foram encontrados insetos vivos após 90 segundos, com 100 watts de tratamento com plasmas de hélio e RF. As porcentagens de sobrevivência dos adultos foram desenvolvidas a partir de larvas tratadas, e as pupas tratadas foram significativamente reduzidas pelo aumento do tempo de exposição ou nível de potência. Os dados obtidos indicaram que o tratamento com plasma de RF pode ser considerado como um suplemento ambientalmente compatível ou alternativo aos outros métodos de controle para o manejo de produtos-pragas armazenados.
Subject(s)
Animals , Tribolium , Pupa , Time Factors , LarvaABSTRACT
Abstract Radio frequency plasma, RF plasma, has been applied to a number of industrial applications. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the RF plasma potential in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) control. Three treatment variables: (1) helium or argon plasmas; (2) two power levels (50 and 100 watt); and (3) different RF plasma exposure times (0, 20, 40, 60 and 90 seconds) were examined in this study. The susceptibility of T. castaneum to treatment varies as gas, power level, and the exposure time varies. A positive correlation was found between insect mortality percent in treating larvae as well as treated pupae and exposure time to RF plasma and also the power level of irradiation. The results revealed that no live insects were found after a 90 second, 100 watt helium RF plasma treatment. The survival percents of the adults were developed from treated larvae and treated pupae were significantly reduced by increasing of the exposure time or power level. Obtained data indicated that the treatment with RF plasma might be considered as an environmentally compatible or alternative supplement to the other control methods for stored product-pests management.
Resumo Plasma de radiofrequência, plasma de RF, tem sido empregado em diversas aplicações industriais. Experimentos de laboratório foram conduzidos para determinar o potencial de plasma de RF no controle de Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Foram examinados nesse estudo três variáveis de tratamento: (1) plasma de hélio ou argônio; (2) dois níveis de potência (50 e 100 watts); e (3) diferentes tempos de exposição ao plasma de RF (0, 20, 40, 60 e 90 segundos). A suscetibilidade do T. castaneum ao tratamento varia conforme o gás, o nível de energia e o tempo de exposição. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva dentre a porcentagem de mortalidade de insetos no tratamento de larvas, bem como as pupas tratadas e o tempo de exposição ao plasma de RF, e também o nível de potência da irradiação. Os resultados revelaram que não foram encontrados insetos vivos após 90 segundos, com 100 watts de tratamento com plasmas de hélio e RF. As porcentagens de sobrevivência dos adultos foram desenvolvidas a partir de larvas tratadas, e as pupas tratadas foram significativamente reduzidas pelo aumento do tempo de exposição ou nível de potência. Os dados obtidos indicaram que o tratamento com plasma de RF pode ser considerado como um suplemento ambientalmente compatível ou alternativo aos outros métodos de controle para o manejo de produtos-pragas armazenados.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Fumigant activities for three essential oils; Garlic oil (Allium sativum L); Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) were assessed at different concentrations against the adult and 20-days old larval stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the laboratory. The accumulative mortality was observed at different exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days). The residual effect of garlic oil that was the effective oil, on the treated wheat grains was evaluated with respect to histological changes in the liver, kidney, and stomach of rat fed on this treated wheat. The results showed that the mortality rates of treated stages increased with increasing the time of fumigation treatment. Moreover the highest essential oils toxicity at the Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days) to fumigation were (126, 53, and 47 mg/L air) for adult stage and were (79, 62, and 41 mg/L air) for larval stage, respectively in the case of Garlic oil treatment. While, the lowest essential oils effective was Nigella oil at the Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days) to fumigation were (3594, 629, and 335 mg/L air) for adult stage and were (1040, 416, and 227 mg/L air) for larval stage, respectively. The toxicity effect of various essential oils against adults and larvae of T. castaneum at the LC50at 7 days fumigation could be arranged in descending order as follows: Garlic oil, Chili pepper oil, and Nigella oil. The histological changes showed that the organs slightly affected at the fumigation for 3 days. It may be concluded that the garlic essential oil is the good effective fumigant to control T. castaneum in the stored products and it recommended that the fumigation period does not exceed 3 days. The garlic essential oil has the potential for applications in IPM programs for stored-grain pests because of its high volatility and fumigant activity and its safety.
Resumo Atividades fumigantes de três óleos essenciais - óleo de alho (Allium sativum L.); pimenta-malagueta (Capsicum annuum L.) e Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) - foram avaliadas em diferentes concentrações contra adultos e larvas de Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) com 20 dias de idade em laboratório. A mortalidade acumulada foi observada em diferentes períodos de exposição (3, 5 e 7 dias). O efeito residual do óleo de alho, ou seja, o óleo eficaz, nos grãos de trigo tratados foi avaliado em relação às alterações histológicas no fígado, rim e estômago de ratos alimentados com esse trigo tratado. Os resultados mostraram que as taxas de mortalidade dos estágios tratados cresceram com o aumento do tempo de exposição ao tratamento de fumigação. A maior toxidade dos óleos essenciais nos valores de Concentração Letal Média (CL50) para os períodos de exposição (3, 5 e 7 dias) à fumigação foi (126, 53 e 47 mg/L ar) para a fase adulta e (79, 62 e 41 mg/L ar) para a fase de larva, respectivamente no caso do tratamento com o óleo de alho, enquanto que o óleo essencial menos eficaze foi o óleo de Nigella, com valores de CL50 para os períodos de exposição (3, 5 e 7 dias) à fumigação (3594, 629 e 335 mg/L ar) para a fase adulta, e (1040, 416 e 227 mg/L ar) para a fase de larva, respectivamente. O efeito da toxidade de vários óleos essenciais contra adultos e larvas de T. castaneum em LC50 aos sete dias de fumigação pôde ser organizado em ordem decrescente, como segue: óleo de alho, óleo de pimenta e óleo de Nigella. As alterações histológicas mostraram que os órgãos foram levemente afetados na fumigação por três dias. Pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial de alho é um bom fumigante efetivo no controle de T. castaneum nos produtos armazenados, e recomendou-se que o período de fumigação não ultrapassasse três dias. O óleo essencial de alho tem potencial para aplicações em programas de Integrated Pests Management (IPM) para pragas de grãos armazenados, devido à sua alta volatilidade, atividade fumigante e respectiva segurança.
ABSTRACT
Genetic abnormalities are critical prognostic factors for patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM). This retrospective, multicenter study aimed to contribute with the genetic and clinical characterization of MM patients in a country with continental dimensions such as Brazil. Genetic abnormalities were assessed by cIg-fluorescent in situ hybridization (cIg-FISH) in a series of 152 MM patients (median age 55 years, 58.5% men). Overall, genetic abnormalities were detected in 52.7% (80/152) of patients. A 14q32 rearrangement was detected in 33.5% (n=51), including t(11;14), t(4;14) and t(14;16) in 18.4, 14.1, and 1% of cases, respectively. del(13q) was identified in 42.7% (n=65) of patients, of whom 49.2% (32/65) presented a concomitant 14q32 rearrangement. del(17p) had a frequency of 5.2% (n=8). del(13q) was associated with high plasma cell burden (≥50%, P=0.02), and del(17p) with advanced ISS stages (P=0.05) and extramedullary disease (P=0.03). t(4;14) was associated with advanced Durie-Salmon stages (P=0.008), renal insufficiency (P=0.01) and was more common in patients over 60 years old. This study reports similar frequencies of genetic abnormalities to most series worldwide, whereas the t(14;16) and del(17p), two high risk factors for newly diagnosed patients, exhibited lower frequencies. Our results expand the knowledge on the molecular features of MM in Brazil, a country where innovative therapies that could overcome a poor prognosis for some genetic abnormalities are not always available.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Chromosome Aberrations , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods , Multiple Myeloma/genetics , Plasma Cells/pathology , Cytogenetic Analysis , Flow Cytometry , Oligonucleotide Probes/genetics , Prognosis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Aim: Reciprocal translocation between retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) gene on chromo- some 17 and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene on chromosome 15 is the hallmark for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Three different PML/RARα isoforms have been described; S-form, L-form and V-form. Our aims were to characterize the different types of PML/RARα iso- forms in Malay patients with APL and to determine the outcome of these different types of iso- forms. Materials and methods: RT-PCR analysis was performed on 20 patients recruited from hematology-oncology ward. RT-PCR detected fusion transcript of PML/RARα in all patients. Results and Discussion: Of these patients, 65% (13 patients) exhibited L/V-form, and 35% (7 patients) S-form. Total white blood cell count (TWBC) was higher in L/V-form (25 x 109/l) compared to S-form (2.1 x 109/l) (p < 0.05). Five years survival rate was 100% and 33.3% for L/V-forms and S-forms respectively (p<0.005). Conclusion: We conclude that L/V- forms is the commonest isoform among Malays. They presented at younger age with higher TWBC counts. Although the sample size is small, our preliminary data showed an interestingly longer survival outcome among L/V-forms compared to S-form. PML/RARα isoforms could be used in future as risk stratification feature in patients diagnosed as APL. Further study with more number of patients is required.
ABSTRACT
Anti typhoid properties of aqueous methanol leaves extract of Albizia ferruginea (musase) was investigated in the present study. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous methanol leave extract of Albizia ferruginea revealed the presence of alkaloid, anthraquinines, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and terpens. The leave extract of Albizia ferruginea does not possess acute toxicity effect on animal (mice) with a dose of (LD50) 5000mg/kg. The plant extract produced inhibitory activities against Salmonella typhi with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1000μg/ml. The plant extract is effective as anti typhoid agent against Salmonella typhi on mice infected with typhoid parasites as shown by widal test.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels in different hemoglobin variants in Osogbo, Nigeria, were estimated using two principal methods of estimation using existing information for HbF concentration and distribution of various hemoglobin variants in the area, as well as diagnosed cases of thalassemia. Two hundred and sixty samples collected from HbSS, HbSC, HbAA, HbAS, and HbAC subjects were analyzed. HbF level and hemoglobin type were determined in this study. METHODS: The hemoglobin type was determined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis at an alka-line pH, and HbF was determined by the acid elution and alkaline denaturation methods. RESULTS: The mean+/-SD of HbF in the respective hemoglobin variants was as follows: HbSS, 2.09+/-1.94%; HbSC, 0.85+/-0.54%; HbAA, 0.69+/-0.46%; HbAS, 0.52+/-0.31%; and HbAC, 0.57+/-0.26%. The mean HbF level across the hemoglobin variants was statistically significant (P<0.05). Investigating the sex distribution of the HbF level in the studied population revealed a slightly higher mean HbF level in females than in their male counterparts. CONCLUSION: Within the study population, the HbF level was found to be highest in HbSS and lowest in HbAS. The two methods of estimating HbF are equally reliable, since there was no significant difference between the results obtained from the two methods.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Cellulose , Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate , Fetal Hemoglobin , Hemoglobin A , Hemoglobins , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Nigeria , Sex Distribution , ThalassemiaABSTRACT
A small subset of patients with TOF present later in life with unsuspected or untreated disease. Tetralogy of Fallot in adults represents a special group with peculiar problems related to the effects of prolonged cyanosis over the heart and other organs .Older age has been considered as incremented risk factor for surgical mortality and long-term survival in patients with TOF. Based on this assumption, indication for surgery after long-standing cyanosis has caused controversy. There are few reports that studied this issue have proved some benefit in repairing adults with TOF .The greatest benefit of complete repair at this age is the functional improvement. We report a male patient with TOF with tight lesion of the left anterior descending coronary artery diagnosed at age 40 years and successfully underwent total correction along with CABG. This patient was the oldest documented in Bangladesh undergoing successful corrective surgery for TOF with CABG.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: the aim of the present study was to determine the role of some virulence determinants and biofilm production in bacteraemia of urinary tract origin by phenotypic defection of these virulence factors. In addition, this research was done to characterize and compare, using genetic techniques, bacterial genes that encode virulence determinants
Methods: a total of 111 strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine of patients with clinically diagnosed urinary tract infection in Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, were included in this study. The isolated strains were phenotypically screened for virulence factors, namely mannose-resistant, mannose-sensitive haemagglutination [MRHA, MSHA], hemolysin production, biofilm formation, serum resistance, and lipase, protease and lecithinase production. They were also genotypically examined by PCR for the presence of genes for the virulence factors MRHA [papC], MSHA [fimH], serum resistance [iss] and biofilm,formation [biofilm]
Results: among 111 urinary isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, 40 isolates of E. coli, 39 isolates of K. pneumonia and 32 isolates of Enterobacter were identified. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that amikacin and imipinem were the most active antibiotic against all isolates[90%-100%]. While most isolates were resistant to ampicillin [95%- 100]. The phenotypic detection results revealed that 29[72%] of E.coli, 32[82%] of K.pneumoniae and 22[69%] of Enterobacter isolates showed MRHA. MSHA was defected in 11[28%] isolates of E.coli. 7[18%] of K.pneumoniae and in 10[31%] of Enterobacter isolates. Serum resistance was seen in 15[37%] o f E.coli, 13[33%] of K.pneumoniae and 7[21%] of Enterobacter isolates. Biofilm formation was observed in 27[67%] of both E.coli and K. pneumoniae and in 30[94%] of Enterobacter isolates. All E.coli isolates were negative lipase and protease producers, while 16[33%] of K.pneumoniae isolates showed lipase production and one isolate showed protease production. For Enterobacter, none of isolates produce lipase, while 4[12%] of isolates were protease producers. All isolates showed no lecithinase production. For genotypic detection, it was observed that among E.coli isolates, 69% were positive for papC gene, 31% were positive for fimH gene, 30% were positive for iss gene and 77% were positive for biofilm gene. For K.pneumoniae, papC gene was detected in 80% of isolates, 20% were positive, for fimH gene, 8% were positive for iss gene and 87% contained the biofilm gene. Results of Enterobacter isolates were 89%, 11 %, 5% and 95% positive for genes of papC, fimH, iss and biofilm respectively
Conclusion: the present study shows the significance role of virulence factors in urinary tract infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae and the genotypic characterization was more prominent compared to the phenotypic detection of these virulence factors
ABSTRACT
Aim: the aim of this study is to estimate the phenotypic characters of some virulence factors in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections and their relative gene expression level
Methods: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates were collected, identified. Their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern was determined. The presence of different virulence factors were evaluated. Relative expression level of different genes responsible for the appearance of the tested virulence factors was evaluated using QRT-PCR and PCR
Results: in this study, when testing the expression level of some genes like BssS and its genes in E. coli, we found that quinolone sensitive isolates of E, coli had shown higher expression level of the tested genes than that o f quinolone resistant E. coli isolates. These results agreed with the phenotypic characters of the tested virulence factors for the same isolates. On the other hand, in K. pneumoniae tested isolates, the expression level of BssS and fimH genes was evaluated and they showed higher expression level in quinolone resistant isolates than sensitive ones. These results agreed with the phenotypic characters of the tested virulence factors for the same isolates. PCR detection of iss gene on both plasmid and chromosomal DNA in K. pneumonia isolates has demonstrated that isolates that exhibit iss gene on both chromosomal and plasmid DNA were those that had shown higher expression at the genetic and phenotypic levels
ABSTRACT
A 35 years old male living in Jamalpur district of Bangladesh working as a shopkeeper presented with dyspnea, fatigue, occasional fever and cough for two years. He did not give any history of hemoptysis or weight loss. He was smoker and non-alcoholic. He had a soft systolic murmur over pulmonary area and wide fixed splitting of the second heart sound. An Atrial septal defect (ASD) was detected by echocardiography. The patient had high circulating eosinophil count and Complement Fixation Test for filarial antibody revealed positive result. Moreover the patient's response to drug Diethylcarbamazime indicated suspected tropical pulmonary eosinophilia with Atrial Septal Defect.
Subject(s)
Adult , Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications , Humans , Male , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/complicationsABSTRACT
A study of the immunogenicity and safety of 20 micrograms recombinant DNA yeast derived hepatitis B vaccine was conducted in 153 Pakistani adults. All participants were in good physical condition, had negative hepatitis B serological markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc) and normal ALT. Anti-HBs developed in 33%, 81% and 98% of subjects one month after the first, second and third dose respectively. Minor systemic and local side-effects were observed in 39% of individuals. We conclude that yeast derived hepatitis B vaccine is safe, effective and immunogenic in Pakistani adults.