Simultaneous infrared spectrometric determination of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets by chemometric methods

A new Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] spectrometric method was developed for assaying hydrochlorothiazide[Hctz] and lisinopril [Lnp] in binary solid pharmaceutical formulations. Initially, the mixture ofhydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril in solid mixtures was analyzed using FT-IR spectrometry in mid-IR range.Simultaneous determination of Hctz and Lnp carried out with inverse least squares [ILS] multivariate calibrationof infrared spectra of binary standards of the drugs. The spectral range of1508-1850 cm[-1] was selected for themeasurement in methanolic solutions. In this method the statistical parameters such as R[2]for Hctz and Lnp were0.9995, 0.9994 and relative standard deviation [RSD] for Hctz and Lnp were 0.71%, 0.63% [n=6], respectively.Detection limits of Lnp and Hctz were obtained 0.75 and 0.90 mg/mL, respectively. USP methods were alsoused for comparing with proposed method, as a reference method. The proposed method was successfullyapplied to the determination of these drugs in laboratory-prepared mixtures and in commercial tablets. Thismethod has suitable accuracy, precision, repeatability; and is comparable with reference standard methods

Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure on Stress-Related Behaviors and Stress Hormones in Male Wistar Rats

Studies have demonstrated that electromagnetic waves, as the one of the most important physical factors, may alter cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors, depending on the frequency and energy. Moreover, non-ionizing radiation of low energy waves e.g. very low frequency waves could alter this phenomenon via alterations in neurotransmitters and neurohormones. In this study, short, medium, and long-term exposure to the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) (1 and 5 Hz radiation) on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats (250 g) were studied. In addition, changes in plasma concentrations for two main stress hormones, noradrenaline and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were evaluated. ELF-EMF exposure did not alter body weight, and food and water intake. Plasma glucose level was increased and decreased in the groups which exposed to the 5 and 1Hz wave, respectively. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both using frequencies, whereas noradrenaline concentration showed overall reduction. At last, numbers of rearing, sniffing, locomotor activity was increased in group receiving 5 Hz wave over the time. In conclusions, these data showed that the effects of 1 and 5 Hz on the hormonal, metabolic and stress-like behaviors may be different. Moreover, the influence of waves on stress system is depending on time of exposure.

Effect of 5Hz electromagnetic waves on movement behavior in male wistar rats [in vitro]

Various stresses during life can affect metabolism and brain activities, immune and endocrine systems directly and indirectly, and ultimately, causes animal behavior change. The cellular and molecular level change in neurotransmitter and hormone concentrations led to the functional changes of operating systems in the intracellular organelles. These events cause of course oxidative stress. All these reactions cause general or limited inflammation that is characterized by increased phenomena of inflammatory cytokines. Electromagnetic waves are the most important stimulus of ions and biomolecules therefore they change ions movement in a living organism. This process can lead to neuronal and behavioral changes. Yet, certainly, radiation pattern, intensity and magnetic field strength will be highly effective in response [reaction]. In the present study, short-term [one day] and medium-term [3 days and 7days] and long-term [19 days and 21 days] effects of extremely low-frequency waves [ELF] on behavioral and metabolic activities in male wistar rats with an average weight 180-250g have been investigated

Comparison of the analgesic profile and side effectts of tramadol vs pethidine followingurological surgery

The optimization of pain management following surgery with minimal side effects, is one the major goals of surgical and medical teams. In this randomized double blind study, sixty ASA [American Society of Anesthesiologist] class I or II patients, undergoing urological surgery, were assessed to receive either pethidine or tramadol using a standard method for general anesthesia. Pain intensity was assessed by verbal rating, through a 4-step scaling system. Results of this investigation have revealed that the mean total drug administered in tramadol group were 244.53 + 56.95 mg and in pethidine group 176.78+42.99 mg respectively. There were no significant differences in analgesic effect, observed in either group during early hours following surgery, but after 8,12 and 16 hours significant differences were observed. Analgesic properties of tramadol were almost comparable with pethidine nevertheless; pethidine was superior in some extent. No significant differences in patient's PaO2 were found, but PaCO2 at 1 and 4 hours after surgery had a greater retention in pethidine group. [P<0.001]. There was a significant reduction in respiratory rate in pethidine group at 4,8,12 and 16 hours following surgery, compared with tramadol group [P<0.001]. Incidence of dizziness was greater in patients who received pethidine [P<0.001], and sweating was higher in tramadol group [P<0.01]. Also there was a greater need for metoclopramide to overcome nausea in tramadol group [P<0.05]. Results of this study may suggest that tramadol could be considered as a safe and effective analgesic, following urological surgery as compared with pethidine