ABSTRACT
Malaria is well known for its fatalities worldwide, Plasmodium vivax and the Plasmodium faldparum are the two important species of malaria reported from Pakistan and creating lots of morbidities across the country. Study was conducted to determine the Surveillance of malaria in South Punjab by microscopy and Polymerase chain reaction [PCR]. 40 samples out of 100 patients were found positive for malarial parasites. One patient was found with mixed infection, whereas P. Falciparum and P. vivax infections were detected in 17 and 22 patients respectively. In nested PCR, genus-specific primers for Plasmodium species, in round 1 and species-specific primers for P. Falciparum and P. vivax in. around 2 were used. By the application of PCR 41% were found to be infected by Plasmodium spp. Among Plasmodium positive patients: mixed, P. Falciparum and P. vivax infection were detected in 10, 15 and 16 patients respectively. Thirty nine microscopically positive patients confirmed to have Plasmodium spp. One negative by PCR, 2 microscopically negative patients had shown Plasmodium spp. infection [P. faldparum and P. vivax] by PCR. In total samples, P. Falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infection accounted for 36.6%, 39.0% and 24.3% respectively. Microscopy was found deficient for interpretation of mixed infections, low parasitaemia, and species specific diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity and efficacy of nested PCR was calculated 95%, 98% and 97% respectively showing PCR as a more effective and efficient diagnostic tool for malaria
ABSTRACT
The term gossypiboma indicates a mass of cotton that is missed accidently in the body after surgery. Accidental retention of any foreign body usually requires another surgery and increases the morbidity and mortality. We here report a 20 year old female who presented with lower abdominal pain, vomiting and constipation. She had a history of previous two cesarean sections; last one was performed one year back in another country. On the basis of history and examination the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was made. Exploratory laparotomy was done and resection anastomosis of terminal ileum was performed. When resected part was opened, a gauze piece was found and diagnosis of gossypiboma made. Although the intraluminal migration of retained surgical gauze has been reported but complete intraluminal migration without leaving any scar is very rare. In spite the fact that gossypiboma is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in patients who has previous history of laparotomy
ABSTRACT
Identification and establishment of status of insecticide susceptibility and resistance in malaria vector anophelines mosquitoes species, is essential for the development of malaria prevention strategy. This will ensure reduction in poverty mortality and morbidity especially in women and children. This will help in achieving the 1st, 4th, 5th and 6th MDGs. Taxonomic and susceptibility study of genus Anopheles was carried out during the year 2010 and 2011 from Islamabad. Extensive surveys were conducted to explore the fauna of mosquito in selected areas. Species were identified by using standard taxonomic keys. The findings found that primary vector of malaria in Pakistan which is Anopheles culicifacies and An. stephensi were most widely distributed in Islamabad. A total of twelve species were recorded during the study period. Susceptibility test were conducted on primary and suspected malaria vectors in Pakistan by using WHO recommended susceptibility/resistance test kit and following the guidelines of WHO. Insecticide impregnated papers with diagnostic dose of DDT [4%], Deltamethrin [0.05%] Lambdacyhalothrin [0.05%], Malathion [5%] and Bendiocarb [0.1%] were used. Results showed that primary and suspected malaria vectors were susceptible to Deltamethrin and Lambdacyhalothrin while resistance to DDT and assorted results were shown against Malathion and Bendiocarb. These results may add to the policy making that pyrethroids group is still effective and can be used for the control of anopheles species in Islamabad; however, there is need to implement strategic planning to delay the process of resistance development in these localities and prolong the effective used of pyrethroids.
ABSTRACT
Development of insecticide resistance occurred due to the continuous and misuse of synthetic insecticides therefore, the recent study was conducted to explore eco-friendly plant extracts that have some potential to suppress mosquito larval population. WHO recommended mosquito larval bioassay method for insecticide was used while for the analysis of citrus oils for limonin and nomilin content HPLC was used. Among the two citrus cultivars tested as larvicide against Aedes albopictus, valencia late [Citrus sinensis] was the best in terms of LC[50] [297 ppm],% mortality [97%] and LT[50] [18.49 hours] then freutrall early [Citrus reticulate] with LC[50] [377.4 ppm],% mortality [88%] and LT[50] [31 hours], While nomilin gave lowest LC[50] [121.04 ppm] than limonin [382.22 ppm] after 72 hours of exposure. Valencia late also had more limonin and nomilin [377 microg/ml and 21.19 microg/ml] than freutrall early [5.29 microg/ml and 3.89 microg/ml] respectively. Valencia late showed best results in term of LC[50], LT[50] and percentage mortality against Aedes albopictus as it has more amount of nomilin then freutrall early, however further evaluation in the field conditions is required