ABSTRACT
Background: Nephrotoxicity is a relatively common problem in patients immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A (CsA) with an incidence reaching up to thirty percent. The present work aimed to study the histological and ultrastructural effects of CsA on the kidney of rabbit. Materials andMethods: Two groups of Egyptian adult rabbits were used for this study (5 rabbits for each). One group was used as a control and the other group (experimental) was treated with CsA in a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight for two weeks. The animals were anaesthetized; and kidney specimens were obtained, fixed and processed for light and electron microscopic examinations. Results: CsA had adverse effects on the kidney especially renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules and afferent glomerular arterioles. The renal corpuscles were observed with shrunken glomeruli, widening of Bowman’s space and thickening of the Bowman’s capsule. Also, there was obvious increase in mesangial cell number and overall glomerular obliteration due to large lining endothelial cells and encroachment of the mesangial cell matrix onto the capillary lumen. The renal tubules showed vacuolization and PAS positive inclusion bodies. The cells showed disordered brush border of microvilli. Many fibrocytes appeared inbetween the tubules. Peritubular capillary congestion was observed with an increase in the surrounding connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, the proximal convoluted tubules showed thick basement membrane with loss of the basal infolding. Themitochondria appeared degenerated with damaged transverse cristae. Electron dense lysosomes were seen in the cytoplasm. In distal convoluted tubules, the cells showed degenerated mitochondria and pyknotic nuclei. The afferent glomerular arterioles appeared with hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular cells that containedmassive renin granules. The lining endothelial cells appeared protruding their nuclei into the lumen due to contraction of the smooth muscles. Conclusions: It could be concluded that CsA had adverse structural changes on the kidneymainly on the nephron; renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules and afferent glomerular arterioles. Defective renal function should always be a concern in the management of CsA treated patient.
ABSTRACT
Background: The nasal index determination is one of the most commonly used anthropometric parameters in classifying human races. There are few reports in medical literature concerning nasal index that specifically address particular Egyptian populations. The objective of this study was to determine the normal parameters of external nose (width, height and nasal index) in Egyptians. Methods: The study was conducted randomly on healthy Egyptian subjects of both sexes. Nasal height and width were measured using vernier caliper. Then, nasal index was determined for each subject. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: A total of 290 subjects, 144males and 146 females, aged 1month– 65 years, were enrolled in the study. The study showed the existence of sexual dimorphism in nasal morphology, appearing after the age 20 years. The mean nasal index in the investigated adults was 68.01; in males and females was 71.46 and 64.56, respectively. Conclusions: The dominant nasal type in Egyptians was in-between mesorrhine “medium” and leptorrhine “narrow” nose. Forensic and anthropological research, as well as cosmetic and reconstructive surgery may benefit from age- and sex- based data of the study.