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1.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 46(2): 117-120, 01/fev. 2013. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-668776

ABSTRACT

The growth of the Brazilian economy in recent years has created an atmosphere of optimism in various segments of Brazilian society, with several important international repercussions. In this paper, we analyze in detail how this economic growth is reflected in investments in science and technology made by major academic funding agencies. As a result, we observed a discrepancy in the growth of funding input and the growth of the Brazilian gross domestic product. This fact associated with an increased academic output entails negative consequences for the system. This may be a symptom of an academic community not fully understood by society and vice versa. Finally, we believe that a long-lasting important change in investment policy in science is necessary in order to ensure financial security for the academic system as a whole.


Subject(s)
Humans , Budgets/statistics & numerical data , Economic Development/statistics & numerical data , Federal Government , Investments/economics , Research Support as Topic/economics , Brazil , Investments/statistics & numerical data , Research Support as Topic/statistics & numerical data
2.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 44(2): 157-171, abr.-jun. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-644407

ABSTRACT

No sistema nervoso, a sinapse é a estrutura que permite a um neurônio passar um sinal elétrico ou químico a outro neurônio ou outra célula (muscular ou glandular). A palavra sinapse vem de "synaptein", palavra que Sir Charles Scott Sherrington e seus colegas acunharam do grego "syn" (junto) e "haptein"(afivelar). As sinapses podem ser separadas entre elétricas e químicas, porém a maior parte da transmissão sináptica é realizada através das sinapses químicas. Apesar das sinapses químicas terem uma resposta mais lenta que as elétricas, elas possuem a vantagem da amplificação do sinal gerada através de uma cascata de segundos mensageiros. As sinapses químicas podem ser excitatórias ou inibitórias e são caracterizadas por um terminal pré-sináptico (onde estão presentes as vesículas que contêm os neurotransmissores) em contato com um terminal pós-sináptico (onde estão presentes os receptores ionotrópicos e metabotrópicos para esses neurotransmissores) separados pela fenda sináptica. As sinapses típicas acontecem sobre axônios (axo-axônicas), sobre dendritos (axo-dendríticas), sobre o soma de outro neurônio (axo-somáticas) e sobre os espinhos dendríticos...


In the nervous system, the synapse is the structure that allows a neuron pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or another cell (muscle or glandular). The word synapse comes from "synaptein" that Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and his colleagues minted from the Greek "syn" (together) and "haptein"(buckling). Most part of the synaptic transmission is performed through chemical synapses. Chemical synapses have a slower response than the electric ones; they have the advantage of amplifying the signal generated through a cascade of second messengers. Chemical synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory and are characterized by a presynaptic terminal (where there are vesicles that contain the neurotransmitters) in contact with a postsynaptic terminal (where there are the ionotropic and metabotropic receptors) separated by the synaptic cleft. Synapses can occur on axons (axo-axonal), on dendrites (axodendritic), on soma (axo-somatic) and on dendritic spines...


Subject(s)
Receptors, Neurotransmitter , Synaptic Transmission
3.
Medicina (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 44(2): 143-156, abr.-jun. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-644406

ABSTRACT

A comunicação entre neurônios é passível de constantes modificações, até mesmo no encéfalo adulto. Esta capacidade de circuitos neuronais fortalecerem ou enfraquecerem suas interações sinápticas específicas (fenômeno conhecido como plasticidade sináptica) pode ocorrer de acordo com as diferentes demandas ambientais, o que favorece a noção de que alterações dinâmicas na comunicação entre neurônios estão na base da flexibilidade comportamental (i.e., processos de aprendizagem e memória). Nas últimas décadas, o avanço das neurociências tem permitido uma melhor compreensão a respeito da plasticidade sináptica, especialmente a plasticidade de sinapses glutamatérgicas, cujos processos moleculares de modificação sináptica parecem estar entre os mais comuns de todo o sistema desse progresso na ciência básica tem contribuído para uma melhor compreensão acerca dos processos patológicos envolvendo as sinapses glutamatérgicas, como a doença de Alzheimer. Além disso, a crescente compreensão sobre o funcionamento da comunicação glutamatérgica tem ajudado a esclarecer como as sinapses, em geral, teriam se originado e evoluído na escala filogenética do reino animal (Metazoa)...


Communication between neurons is subject to constant changes, even in the adult brain. This ability of neural circuits to strengthen or weaken their specific synaptic interactions (a phenomenon known assynaptic plasticity) may occur according to different environmental demands, which favors the idea that dynamic changes in the communication between neurons underlie behavioral flexibility (i.e., learning and memory processes). In recent decades, advances in neuroscience has allowed a better understanding of synaptic plasticity, specially the plasticity of glutamatergic synapses, whose molecular processes of synaptic change appear to be among the most common throughout the central nervous system.Much of this progress in basic science has contributed to a better understanding of pathological processes involving the glutamatergic synapses, such as Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the growing understanding about the physiology of glutamatergic communication has helped explain how synapses, in general, would have originated and evolved in the phylogenetic scale of the Metazoa...


Subject(s)
N-Methylaspartate , Neuronal Plasticity , Glutamic Acid
4.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 39(7): 839-849, July 2006. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-431557

ABSTRACT

Graduate programs provide the highest level of formal education and thus are crucial for the development of any country. However, official Brazilian data clearly show a dramatic decrease in the number and values of scholarships available to graduate programs in Brazil over the last few years, despite the importance and growth of such programs. Between 1995 and 2004, investment by the Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES, subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Culture) in funding scholarships, corrected for inflation in the period, actually decreased by 51 percent. In addition, during the period between 1994 and 2004, there was a loss of about 60 percent in the purchasing power of the graduate scholarships provided by CAPES and the National Council for Science and Technology (CNPq). To reverse this trend, we propose the development of sectorial funding for Brazilian graduate programs to guarantee the availability and continuity of financial support for this strategic activity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Education, Medical, Graduate/economics , Financial Support , Financing, Government/statistics & numerical data , Research/statistics & numerical data , Bibliometrics , Brazil , Education, Medical, Graduate/statistics & numerical data , Periodical/statistics & numerical data , Research Support as Topic
6.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 40(4): 339-43, 1981.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-3636

ABSTRACT

Os autores fizeram um levantamento do relacionamento existente entre opticas e oftalmologistas em 12 bairros da cidade de Sao Paulo percorrendo 150 opticas escolhidas aleatoriamente. Encontraram 92,67% indicando medico, sendo que 7,33% indicavam consulta gratuita, 42,67% indicavam medico com direito a desconto na consulta e 42,67% sem direito a desconto. Das indicacoes de medico sem desconto encontraram 36,67% indicando um medico especificamente e 8,1% indicando varios medicos.Encontraram tambem um optico (0,67%) que efetuou o exame. Academicos emetropes se submeteram a 5 exames gratuitos, tendo sido receitados oculos em 4 casos. Os autores concluem ressaltando a necessidade de se haver maior discussao a respeito do assunto e da necessidade de se reestudar qualitativa e quantitativamente a formacao de medicos no nosso pais.}


Subject(s)
Interprofessional Relations , Ophthalmology , Brazil
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