Characterization of hospital acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have emerged as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. The MRSA can cause a wide range of diseases, which is associated with its production to large number of extracellular toxins and other virulence factors. The diseases are toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome and food poisoning. Hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) in persons who have had frequent or recent contact with hospitals or healthcare facilities within the previous year, has recently undergone an invasive medical procedure, or is immunocompromised. Mostly HA-MRSA are transmitted most frequently through direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with shared items or surfaces that have come into contact with someone else’s colonized or infected skin. Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) is a biocomponent toxin has been shown to induce lysis of host defence cells. The absence of the PVL gene confirms the MRSA as HA-MRSA. Slime layer plays a remarkable role in bacterial colonization of exterior surfaces by adhesion and production of slime factor plays an important role in antibiotic resistance. Beta lactamases render bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics by hydrolyzing the beta lactam ring of penicillin’s and cephalosporins.There is a linear correlation between beta-lactamase activity and the level of resistance of bacteria to penicillins. The phage groups II and III were present in hospital acquired MRSA which colonizes on the normal skin and enter the body through cut/wound or by fracture and cause osteomyelitis and bacterial arthritis. Bacteriophage typing of MRSA strains is an epidemiological marker and is a successful method in strain characterization.

Molecular profiling and antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin from bacillus subtilis.

Development of multi drug resistant organism has been high due to improper use of antibiotics. That made the necessity to develop new drug molecules. In this study an effort was made to find a new alternative. A wild type microorganism was isolated from soil and was identified as Bacillus and confirmed as Bacillus subtilis species by 16S r RNA sequencing. The strain was identified to have the ability to produce bacteriocin by stab overlay assay. Bacteriocin was produced in nutrient broth and that was extracted by organic solvent extraction using chloroform and further purification was carried out by HPLC and the molecular weight of the bacteriocin was analysed by SDSPAGE. Antimicrobial activity was analysed on four strains Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Klebsiella sp and Proteus sp. and was found to be sensitive towards the analyzed strains.