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Antipyretic-analgesics are currently one of the most prescribed drugs in children.The clinical application of antipyretic-analgesics for children in our country still have irrational phenomenon, which affects the therapeutic effect and even poses hidden dangers to the safety of children.In this paper, suggestions were put forward from the indications, dosage form/route, dosage suitability, pathophysiological characteristics of children with individual differences and drug interactions in the symptomatic treatment of febrile children, so as to provide reference for the general pharmacists when conducting prescription review.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for rational use of carbapenem antibiotics in the clinic. METHODS:Enterobac-teriaceae bacteria were collected from our hospital during Jan. 2014-Dec. 2015;semiautomatic microbiological assay instrument was used for strain culture,identification and drug sensitive tests. Modified Hodge test and K-B test were adopted to confirm Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC)-producing and ESBLs-producing drug resistant strains. RESULTS:During 2014-2015,1 035 strains of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were detected in our hospital,among which there were 732 strains of Escherichia coli,157 strains of K. pneumonia,136 strains of Enterobacter cloacae and 10 strains of Serratia marcescens. Citrobacter freundii was not found. E. coli and K. pneumonia were highly sensitive to amikacin and carbapenems,but slightly sensitive to most cephalosporin. A total of 64 strains of carbapenems-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria(6.18%)were detected,among which there were 31 strains of carbapenems-resistant E. coli(4.23%),30 strains of carbapenems-resistant K. pneumonia(19.11%),1 strain of carbapenems-re-sistant E. cloacae(0.74%)and 2 strains of carbapenems-resistant S. marcescens(20.00%). The samples were mainly from sputum and urine specimens,which were mainly from neonatal department and ICU. Of 64 drug resistant strains,there were 59 KPC-pro-ducing strains (92.19%) and 3 ESBLs-producing strains (4.69%). CONCLUSIONS:E. coli occupies high proportion among En-terobacteriaceae bacteria,and the number of carbapenems-resistant E. coli and carbapenems-resistant K. pneumoniae is in high lev-el. Drug resistance of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria to carbopenems may be associated with KPC and ESBLs producing. Carbapenem antibiotics should be selected rationally in accordance with medication indications and the results of drug sensitivity test.
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Objective To analyze the relevance between the consumption of various antimicrobials and antimicrobial re-sistance of Acinetobacter baumanni in a grade three hospital during 2007 -2010 .Methods A retrospective analysis was per-formed to count and sort the defined daily doses (DDDs) and the consumption of various antimicrobials in the hospital between 2007 and 2010 .Meanwhile the resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumanni to different antimicrobials were collected in the same period .Data was analyzed by SAS 8 .2 statistical software package using Spearman correlation method .Results The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumanni to imipenem was significantly positively correlated with the consumption of carbapenems (r=0 .954 6 ,P<0 .01) ,it is positively correlated with the dosage of imipenem (r=0 .849 2 ,P<0 .05) ,it is also significantly posi-tively correlated with the consumption of meropenem (r=0 .999 2 ,P<0 .05) ,and the consumption of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium ,respectively(r=0 .800 5 ,P<0 .05) .There was no correlation between the resistance rate of Acinetobacter bauman-ni and the dosage of aminoglycosides ,fluoroquinolones ,even β-lactamase inhibitors(P>0 .05) .Conclusion The use of car-bapenems should be correlated with their indications strictly ,only applying to severe infection of Acinetobacter baumanni .The aminoglycosides of amikacin and β-lactamase inhibitors of cefoperazone/sulbactam are the better options to treat A cinetobacter baumanni infection .
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This study aims at the mechanism of foveola formation in bovine trabecular bone under fatigue process and its relation with biomechanical pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis. The scanning electron microscope equipped with fatigue stage was used to observe fatigue micro injury accumulation of cancellous bone. The massive foveola formation in the laminal bone of vertical trabeculae was found in the tensile fatigue test. There existed the collagen avulsion in the foveola. The massive foveola formation was also observed in the lamina bone of the horizontal trabeculae in the compressive fatigue test. The bone collagen fibers were protracted, debound with hydroxyapatite crystal, and then avulsed under tensile and bending stresses. Finally the retraction of the avulsed collagen fibers brought on the massive formation of foveolae in lamina bone. The mechanical capacity of bone also declined greatly. We infer that the direct mineralization of avulsed collagen and foveola in lamina bone would be one of the main processes of self repair in vivo, which brings on the increase in fragility and stiffness of trabeculae of senile osteoporotic bone along with the agelong accumulation of collagen fatigue injury and foveola formation in the lamina bone.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Bone and Bones , Pathology , Collagen , Compressive Strength , Durapatite , Chemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Models, Biological , Stress, Mechanical , Tensile StrengthABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the characteristics, degradation and biocompatibility of a woven chitosan fiber (CF). Methods Scanning electron microscopic observation, deteronination of density, degree of swelling and tensile strength were performed to characterize the CF. In vitro degradation was observed by immersing CF in buffered aqueous solution of pH 6 containing lysozyme at 37 ℃, while in vivo degradation was studied after intramuscular implantation of CF in rats. Furthermore, rat mesenchymal stem cells were directly cultured on CF to estimate its toxicity. Results The diameter of CF was about 2000?63?m, with a sleek surface. The density and rate of swelling were 1.093?0.27g/cm3 and 2.30?0.21, respectively. The tensile strength was 80.18?1.56MPa. Specific viscosity, measured after the addition of lysozyme to the solution, decreased dramatically within 2 hours compared with that of the control mixture without enzyme. There was obvious inflammatory reaction after intramuscular implantation in the first week after surgery, bat inflammation subsided gradually. Biodegradation was not obvious within 4 weeks, but majority of it was absorbed in twelve weeks. Cells grew well on it with normal morphology, and no inhibition of cell proliferation could be observed. Conclusion Woven CF has a good tensile strength and fairly good biodegradation and biocompatibility, and it can be used in bone and cartilage tissue engineering.