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2.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 27(1): 43-48, ene.-mar 2020.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144929

ABSTRACT

Abstract The various industrial sectors, as well as livestock and agricultural activities, are increasing the production of inputs to meet the demand of the worldwide demographic explosion, making a challenge the clean maintenance of water, soil, and air. Therefore, the search for solutions for a pollutant-free environment without compromising economic development has become extremely important. Thereby, biotechnological studies in order to solve environmental issues have been gaining extensive attention through the coupling of technology procedures to biological systems as sustainable solutions to remediate contaminated areas. In this sense, this review covers topics such as the role of Omics era in microbial environmental biotechnology for pollution control as well as the microbial fuel cell use in energy production. Moreover, phytoremediation and the perspective of applying chemical methods are approached as environmentally friendly tools for the pollutant control to improve remediation processes.


Resumen Los diversos sectores industriales, así como las actividades ganaderas y agrícolas, están aumentando la producción de insumos para satisfacer la demanda de la explosión demográfica mundial, lo cual dificulta el mantenimiento limpio del agua, el suelo y el aire. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda de soluciones para un medio ambiente libre de contaminantes sin comprometer el desarrollo económico se ha vuelto extremadamente importante. De este modo, los estudios biotecnológicos para resolver problemas ambientales han recibido una gran atención a través del acoplamiento de procedimientos tecnológicos a sistemas biológicos como soluciones sostenibles para remediar áreas contaminadas. En este sentido, esta revisión cubre temas como el papel de la era Ómica en la biotecnología ambiental microbiana para el control de la contaminación, así como el uso de celdas de combustible microbianas en la producción de energía. Además, la fitorremediación y la perspectiva de aplicar métodos químicos se abordan como herramientas ecológicas para el control de contaminantes y mejorar los procesos de remediación.

3.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 27(1): 85-90, ene.-mar 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144934

ABSTRACT

Abstract Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by filamentous fungi have a great potential at industrial level due to their widespread applications. Mixed fungal cultures and particularly mixed fungal biofilms constitute a promising fermentation system for an enhanced enzyme production. However, it has not been addressed how much of this enhancement depends on the mixed biomass proportion. In this sense, the aim of this study was to develop a method to specifically and accurately quantify mixed fungal biomass. For this purpose, mixed biofilm cultures composed of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei, two filamentous fungi used industrially for cellulase production, were collected from 48 to 120 h of growth; mycelia were pulverized, and DNA was extracted for qPCR assays with specific primers for each fungus. Primers were designed from non-conserved regions of sequences of actin and β-tubulin genes of both A. niger and T. reesei. Specificity of these primers was tested in silico and experimentally. A statistically significant correlation was obtained between qPCR-calculated biomass and dry weight biomass data. By this method, it was possible to detect changes on mycelia proportions in biofilms over time, suggesting a competitive interaction between these two fungi. In conclusion, this method allows a specific and accurate quantification of mixed fungal biomass and could be also applied to different mixed culture systems for studying microbial interactions.


Resumen La producción de enzimas lignocelulolíticas por hongos filamentosos tiene un gran potencial a nivel industrial debido a sus diversas aplicaciones. Los cultivos fúngicos mixtos y particularmente las biopelículas fúngicas mixtas constituyen un sistema de fermentación prometedor para una mayor producción enzimática. Sin embargo, no se ha abordado cuánto de esta mejora depende de la proporción de biomasa mixta. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un método para cuantificar de forma específica y precisa la biomasa fúngica mixta. Para este propósito, se recolectaron cultivos mixtos de biopelículas de 48 a 120 h de crecimiento compuestos por Aspergillus niger y Trichoderma reesei, dos hongos filamentosos utilizados industrialmente para la producción de celulasas; el micelio se pulverizó y el ADN se extrajo para ensayos de qPCR con cebadores específicos para cada hongo. Los cebadores se diseñaron a partir de regiones no conservadas de las secuencias de los genes de actina y β-tubulina de A. niger y T. reesei. La especificidad de estos cebadores se probó in silico y experimentalmente. Se obtuvo una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la biomasa calculada mediante qPCR y los datos de biomasa en peso seco. Mediante este método, fue posible detectar cambios en las proporciones de los micelios en las biopelículas a lo largo del tiempo, lo que sugiere una interacción competitiva entre estos dos hongos. En conclusión, este método permite una cuantificación específica y precisa de la biomasa fúngica mixta y también podría aplicarse a diferentes sistemas de cultivo mixto para estudiar interacciones microbianas.

4.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 25(4): 453-456, oct. 2018. ilus
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1094341

ABSTRACT

The petroleum hydrocarbon contamination represents a worldwide problem, since its accumulation promotes a serious environmental impact. Thereby, the use of microorganisms, such as those from mangrove micro biota, as degrading agents of various carbon sources is poorly exploited in environmental remediation processes. Thus, this in vitro study evaluated the degrading potential of isolated bacteria from mangrove sediments in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Analysis of the genetic diversity using the 16S rRNA marker revealed closely related (99%) sequences with Proteobacterium, Pseudomonas and Exiguobacterium. Results showed the bacterial growth in the mineral saline medium (MSM) containing 1% petroleum or diesel, as carbon sources. This growth was determinated by optical density at 595 nm for 15 days, with sample withdrawal every 48 h. Bacterial growth indicated the hydrocarbon metabolization. However, bacteria were more efficient at degrading petroleum. Overall, experimental data displayed the potential application of these bacteria in bioremediation processes, due to their metabolic and adaptive capacities to grow in a rich hydrocarbon medium.


Los hidrocarburos de petróleo representan un problema mundial, pues su acumulación promueve un serio impacto ambiental. Así, el uso de microorganismos, por ejemplo los de la microbiota de manglares, como agentes degradadores de diversas fuentes de carbono, es poco explotado en procesos de remediación ambiental. Así, este estudio evaluó in vitro el potencial degradador de bacterias aisladas de sedimento de manglar en la degradación de hidrocarburos. El análisis genético usando el marcador 16S rRNA reveló secuencias íntimamente relacionadas (99%) con Proteobacterium, Pseudomonas y Exiguobacterium. Los resultados mostraron el crecimiento de bacterias en medio salino mineral (MSM) conteniendo petróleo o diesel al 1%, como fuentes de carbono. Este crecimiento, determinado por densidad óptica (DO) a 595 nm durante 15 días, con toma de muestras a cada 48 h, indicó la matabolización de hidrocarburos. Sin embargo, las bacterias fueron más eficientes en degradarlos. Por lo tanto, los resultados muestran la potencial aplicación de las bacterias en procesos de biorremediación por su capacidad metabólica y adaptativa de crecimiento usando hidrocarburos.

5.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 42(1): 1-11, Jan.-Mar. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-571368

ABSTRACT

Gas production from microbial deterioration in vacuum-packs of chilled meat leads to pack distension, which is commonly referred as blown pack. This phenomenon is attributed to some psychrophilic and psychrotrophic Clostridium species, as well as Enterobacteria. The ability of these microorganisms to grow at refrigeration temperatures makes the control by the meat industry a challenge. This type of deterioration has been reported in many countries including some plants in the Midwestern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. In addition to causing economic losses, spoilage negatively impacts the commercial product brand, thereby impairing the meat industry. In the case of strict anaerobes species they are difficult to grow and isolate using culture methods in conventional microbiology laboratories. Furthermore, conventional culture methods are sometimes not capable of distinguishing species or genera. DNA-based molecular methods are alternative strategies for detecting viable and non-cultivable microorganisms and strict anaerobic microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate. Here, we review the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in the deterioration of vacuum-packaged chilled meat and address the use of molecular methods for detecting specific strict anaerobic microorganisms and microbial communities in meat samples.


Subject(s)
Culture Media , Clostridium/growth & development , Food Contamination/analysis , Food Packaging , Food Production , In Vitro Techniques , Meat Products , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Food Samples , Methods , Microbiological Techniques , Vacuum
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