ABSTRACT
Se presenta un análisis de la evolución de las organizaciones estatales, a partir del fenómeno de la violencia, y desde allí entender la relación entre militares y Estado, en términos de autonomía y los procesos de formación del Estado-nación. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica, limitada a autores clásicos y contemporáneos que han abordado la experiencia europea, se estudió la tendencia de los militares hacia la autonomía, teniendo en cuenta los procesos de formación del Estado y del Estado-nación en el mundo occidental moderno. Como resultado, se encontró que la formación del Estado-nación moderno fue un efecto inesperado del proceso de civilización, que sustrajo la violencia de la sociedad, limitándola a las barracas, a organizaciones como las Fuerzas Militares y la Policía, y que dio lugar también a la creación de instituciones orientadas a mejorar las condiciones de vida de los ciudadanos.
An analysis is offered of the evolution of state organizations out of the conjuncture of violence, and from that starting point attempting to understand the Military-State relationship, in terms of autonomy and the Nation-State shaping process. By means of a bibliographic review limited to the work of classic and modern authors having dealt with the European experience, the inclination to autonomy of the military was examined by taking into account the State and the Nation-State shaping processes in the modern Western world. As a result, it was found that the shaping of the modern Nation-State was an unexpected effect of the civilization process that took violence away from society by confining it to the barracks and organizations such as the Military Forces and the Police, and gave origin as well to the creation of institutions oriented towards improving the living conditions of citizens.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , State , Violence/history , Violence/legislation & jurisprudence , WarfareABSTRACT
Dado que el conflicto interno en Colombia ha sido una situación permanente desde la época de la Independencia, es importante analizar otras experiencias en la región, que permitan entender aún más las causas de este flagelo en Colombia. Para tal fin se recurrió a la perspectiva de la violencia, su monopolio, y los procesos de formación del Estado-nación moderno. La metodología empleada parte del análisis y la discusión de los postulados de autores clásicos y contemporáneos. Así mismo, se consideró el fenómeno de la formación del Estado-nación en Latinoamérica, con especial atención en el papel de las Fuerzas Militares y su tendencia hacia la autonomía. Se consideran las tipicidades de la región, tales como el tipo de guerra predominante, el rol de las élites regionales y su relación con el poder central, entre otros. Los resultados indican que estas tipicidades, de acuerdo con los autores estudiados, dieron lugar a la formación de Estados débiles, sin clara distinción entre los roles de las Fuerzas Militares y la Policía, y sin una definición clara de ciudadanía. A partir de estos planteamientos, se concluye que es necesario y urgente realizar nuevas investigaciones, las cuales permitan entender las relaciones de poder, autonomía y roles desde la perspectiva de la guerra y del monopolio de la violencia en Colombia, y que ayuden a encontrar una salida al ya complejo conflicto interno del país, teniendo en cuenta los procesos de formación de un Estado-nación desde la violencia.
Because the Colombian internal conflict has been a permanent and still ongoing situation since the times of the Independence, analyzing other experiences in the region is important in order to reach deeper understanding of the causes of this adversity in Colombia. For this purpose, resorting to the perspective of violence, its monopoly, and the modern Nation-State shaping processes has been necessary. The methodology used comes from analysis and discussion of classic and modern authors postulates. Likewise, the Nation-State shaping conjuncture taking place in Latin America was considered, with special attention given to the role of the Military Forces and their inclination to autonomy. Typicities of the region were also taken into account, such as the predominant type of war, the role of regional elites and their relationship with central power, among others. Results indicate that, according to the authors reviewed, these typicities have given rise to the shaping of weak States with no clear distinction between Military Forces and Police roles, and with an unclear definition of citizenship. Taking these approaches as a starting point, the conclusion is that carrying out further investigations and research is necessary and urgent since they may help understand the relations among power, autonomy and roles from the perspective of war and monopoly of violence in Colombia, and find a way out for this already too long and too complex internal conflict in the country by taking into account the Nation-State shaping processes out of violence.
Subject(s)
Humans , State , Violence/history , Violence/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
Nine women clinical features of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were studied in order to establish the differential diagnosis with late-onset adrenal hyperplasia (LOAH). Their hirsutism was classified as moderate in five patients and severe in the remainig four cases. All patients had bilateral polycystic ovarian enlargement by ultrasound examination. As a control group five women with normal ovarian function without hirsutism were submitted to the same protocol of study. The patients studied as well as the women of the control group had basal serum determinations of pregnenolone (P5), 17 hydroxypregnenolone (17-OHP5), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), pregesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione (A), testosterone and cortisol by radioimmunoassay techniques. The basal serum levels of androgens showed no correlation with the severity of hirsutism or with the ultrasound finding. An adrenal stimulation with synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to all women performed in order to assess their adrenal responsiveness. The analysis of the ratios between delta 5 and delta 4 steroids demonstrated a partial enzymatic blockade at the level of 3ß-o1-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HDS) in three patients. The blockade was particulary in the conversion of P5 to P and 17-OHP5 to 17- OHP. The lack of delta 4 steroid secretion in the presence of normal increase of delta 5 precursors following ACTH was noted. These findings confirm the clinical use of the ACTH stimulation test to reveal the presence of enzymatic alterations in adrenal steroidogenesis in some patients previously considered to have PCOS. Since it was demonstrated that the conversion steps were affected in variable degrees, the presence of different isoenzymes of 3-HSD is suggested