ABSTRACT
Resumen La violencia entre parejas de adolescentes es un tema de relevancia a nivel social, destacando por sus tasas de prevalencia y graves consecuencias. Como objetivo, se plantea comprobar los niveles de prevalencia de sucesos violentos en parejas adolescentes y jóvenes, y determinar los niveles de concordancia en la ocurrencia de la violencia en base a la información aportada por ambos miembros de la pareja. La muestra se conforma de 106 parejas con un rango de edad entre 18 y 30 años. Se aplicó de forma independiente el cuestionario de violencia entre novios, versión para parejas (CUVINO-VA). Los resultados reflejaron una alta prevalencia de violencia en sus relaciones de noviazgo y elevadas discrepancias en su percepción, estadísticamente significativas, tanto en varones como mujeres tanto en los roles de agresión como de victimización.
Abstract Violence between adolescent couples is a topic of social relevance, highlighted by its prevalence rates and its serious consequences. As an objective, it is proposed to check the levels of prevalence of violent events in adolescent and young couples and to determine the levels of concordance in the occurrence of violence during courtship based on the information provided by both members of the same couple. The sample consists of 106 couples with an age range between 18 and 30 years, to who was applied independently the questionnaire of violence between dating, in its version for couples (CUVINO-VA). The results reflected a high prevalence of violence in their dating relationships and high discrepancies in their perception, statistically significant, in both men and women in both the roles of aggression and victimization.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Violence/psychology , Sexual Partners/psychology , Aggression/psychology , Interpersonal Relations , Perception , Surveys and Questionnaires , Violence Against WomenABSTRACT
Este artículo es resultado de un estudio cuantitativo que tiene como objetivo el definir el perfil de las redes de apoyo formales e informales en relación con la reincorporación social de los usuarios del programa de la Dirección del Sistema Postpenitenciario y Atención a Liberados del Estado de Jalisco, México. La muestra esta integrada por 260 usuarios de este sistema, quienes accedieron a participar en la evaluación y a realizar una entrevista de seguimiento a los seis meses. Los análisis realizados ofrecen unos resultados que constatan una alta satisfacción de los usuarios con respecto al programa y al sistema de apoyo formal de reincorporación social; a su vez, el abandono del programa no correlaciona con el apoyo formal, siendo de resaltar que el apoyo informal presenta una correlación positiva con este de acuerdo con las figuras y la adaptación social de estas. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para afrontar la reinserción social de los penados.
This paper results from a quantitative study, which aims to define the profile of the networks of formal and informal support in relation to social reintegration program users of the Postpenitentiary System Office and The Attention of the Released Bureau of the State of Jalisco, Mexico. The sample consists of 260 users of this system, who agreed to participate in the evaluation and make a follow up interview at six months. The analysis give results where a high user satisfaction regarding the program and the formal support system of social reintegration, in turn, leaving a program does not correlate with the formal support, being noted that the informal support show a positive correlation with this according to the figures and their social adaptation. Implications of the results to address the social reintegration of prisoners are discussed.
Subject(s)
Prisoners , RehabilitationABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las características del apoyo social informal otorgado a la mujer maltratada por su pareja íntima, quiénes lo aportan, así como el tipo de apoyo percibido por las entrevistadas. Es un estudio cuantitativo realizado en Guadalajara, Jalisco, en el que se aplicó el Cuestionario de Apoyo Social Percibido de las Fuentes de Apoyo (Gracia & Herrero, 2004) a 204 mujeres maltratadas por su pareja. Los resultados del análisis de cluster mostraron que el tipo más frecuente de red de apoyo presentaba a los amigos como principal fuente de apoyo. Otros tipos de red de apoyo encontradas en este estudio fueron: familia de origen, compuesta principalmente por padre, madre y hermanos(as) y pareja e hijos (que incluía en algunas mujeres al agresor como fuente de apoyo).
The main goal of the present research is to identify the support networks of women victims of partner violence paying attention to both sources and type of support provided. Information about network support from 204 participants living in Guadalajara (Jalisco, México) was obtained using the Relationship-specific Perceived Social Support (Gracia & Herrero, 2004). Cluster analysis revealed that the most frequent type of support network included friends as the main source of social support. Two other types of network support were found in this study: family of origin support (mother and sisters, mainly) and partner and offspring's support (in some cases the batterer was also included in this support network).
ABSTRACT
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Summary Family and school contexts play an especially important role on adolescent psychological adjustment. Previous research shows, for example, that a negative family environment characterized by communication problems between parents and adolescents, is a risk factor for the development of children's mental health problems, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress. On the contrary, family communication based on respect and affection, has a positive effect on adolescent psychological adjustment. Regarding school context, there are also some factors which have been associated with psychological adjustment problems, like academic failure, low school self-esteem, or interpersonal problems with peers (e.g. victimization). In this sense, prior studies have reported that adolescents with low school self-esteem or who have been victimized at school show more depressive symptomatology and psychological stress. Nevertheless, although the empirical evidence has demonstrated that some family and school factors directly influence adolescent psychological well-being, there are still some questions to answer to better understand relationships between these variables. For example, in relation to family communication, research has traditionally focused on communication with mother, while recent studies suggest that fathers and mothers may separately contribute to the explanation of some mental health problems in children. Along this line, some authors have reported that adolescent psychological adjustment seems to be more closely associated to a father-child relationship based on affect and acceptance. Taking into account all these findings, the aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of family communication (with father and mother separately) and school adjustment (school self-esteem and victimization problems) on adolescent's mental health (psychological distress: depressive symptomatology and perceived stress). Participants: In the study participated 1068 adolescents ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old, of whom 84% lived with both father and mother at the time when the research was taking place. Since in the present study adolescent's communication with father and mother is separately analyzed, it was considered that the final sample should be composed of adolescents who live with both parents. The final sample consisted of 875 adolescents from four public schools in the Valencian Community (Spain), mean age 13.7 years old, and of whom 47% were male. Prior to data collection, parents and teachers were informed about the objectives of the study. The adolescents filled out the scales, anonymously, in their schools during a regular class period. Measures and instruments were the following: Family communication, was measured using the 20-item Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale -PACS- from Barnes and Olson. The original scale shows a two-factor structure referring to degree of openness and extent of problems in family communication. However, we could not replicate this factor structure in our data. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation yielded a three-factor structure for father and mother separately: openness in family communication (10 items), offensive communication with parents (6 items), and avoidant communication with parents (4 items). Cronbach's reliability coefficients for these subscales were 0.87, 0.76 and 0.75 respectively. School self-esteem: was assessed using a 6-item School Self-Esteem Scale, adapted from a previous scale -AFA- from Musitu, García and Gutiérrez. This scale informs about the adolescent's self-perception in relation to school and academic matters. Coefficient alpha in the present study was 0.86. Victimization: was measured using a 6-item Victimization Scale which evaluates the frequency with which respondents have been victimized at school in the past 12 months. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this scale was 0.82. Depressive symptomatology: was assessed by the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale -CESD. The CESD is a 20-item scale which evaluates the presence of depressive symptomatology, including depressed mood, positive affect, somatic and retarded activity, and negative perception of interpersonal relationships. It also provides a global measure of depressive mood, used in this study. Cronbach's alpha reliability for this scale in the present sample was 0.90. Perceived stress: was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale - PSS- from Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein. The PSS is a 14-item scale which measures the degree to which respondents appraised situations as stressful within the last month. Coefficient alpha in the current study for this scale was 0.82. We used EQS 6.0 Structural Equation Program to examine the influence of family communication and school adjustment on adolescent's mental health (psychological distress). The structural model showed a good fit with the data: S-B χ2 (22, N = 875) = 55.56, p < .001; CFI = 0.98; IFI = 0.98; NNFI = 0.96; and RMSEA = 0.05; and explained 53.6% of variance in psychological distress. Latent variables in this model were: Communication with Father (indicators: open communication, offensive communication and avoidant communication), Communication with Mother (indicators: open communication, offensive communication and avoidant communication), School Self-Esteem, Victimization (these two variables consist of only one indicator), and Psychological Distress (indicators: depressive symptomatology and perceived stress). In the prediction of adolescent's psychological distress, results showed a direct influence of family communication problems on the degree of distress experienced. In other words, adolescents who informed about communication problems with their mothers and/or fathers, showed more depressive symptoms and stress. Moreover, we found an indirect influence of family communication on psychological distress, through its effect on adolescent's school adjustment. In this sense, results indicated that open communication with parents was positively associated with school self-esteem which, in turn, was negatively related to psychological distress. Also, communication with father showed an indirect relationship with adolescent's distress, through victimization at school: negative father-adolescent communication seems to be related to victimization problems, and these problems, in turn, have a direct influence on the degree of psychological distress. These findings are consistent with those reported in recent studies indicating that the father-child relationship and victimization problems at school are two interrelated factors. It is possible that this negative parent-adolescent interaction results in a "victim scheme" in children, that is to say, in the conception of parents as threatening figures and of oneself as a weak person, which makes these adolescents behave in a way that invites victimization by peers. As a conclusion, this investigation confirms previous research which points out the important role that family and school contexts play on adolescent mental health. Our results suggest that both family relationships and adjustment problems at school are directly related to the development of some psychological problems, such as the presence of depressive symptoms and stress. Moreover, results of the present study show that some family and school factors are interrelated and jointly contribute to the explanation of adolescent psychological distress. The findings suggest that communication problems in the family context may result in adjustment problems in the school context which, in turn, have a negative effect on adolescent mental health. Finally, caution about making causal inference from our results should be maintained, due to the correlational nature of the investigation. Further clarification of the relationships would require a longitudinal study. Nevertheless, from an exploratory point of view, the results of the current study could guide future investigations to obtain more conclusive data for the design of intervention programs.