Effect of exposure to typical phthalate esters on estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo study the relationship between the exposure to two kinds of phthalate esters （PAEs） ［Di-N-butyl phthalate，（DBP） and Di-（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate （DEHP）］ and estrogen homeostasis in pregnant women. MethodsIn 2021， we classified the Jiading District of Shanghai into five geographical areas， east， west， south， north and central. A total of 151 pregnant women from each area were selected for questionnaire survey， with random urine samples during first， second， and third trimesters collected. A DBP metabolite ［Mono-N-butyl phthalate （MBP）］ and two DEHP metabolites ［Mono（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （MEHP）， Mono（2-ethyl5-oxohexyl） phthalate， （MEOHP）］ and three estrogens ［estrone （E1）， 17β -estradiol （E2）， and estriol （E3）］ in urine were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After a natural logarithmic transformation of PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration， multivariable linear regression was used to control potential confounders and determine the relationship between PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration. ResultsThe detection rates of three PAEs metabolites in urine of pregnant women were more than 98%. The median corrected concentrations of MBP， MEHP and MEOHP were 5.18， 0.59 and 4.23 mg·kg-1， respectively. During the whole pregnancy， MEOHP was positively correlated with E1 （β=0.450， 95%CI： 0.057‒0.844）， and MBP was positively correlated with E3 （β=0.250， 95%CI： 0.034‒0.465）. Stratified by trimesters， MBP was positively correlated with E3 in the first trimester （β=0.428， 95%CI： 0.103‒0.752）. MEOHP was positively correlated with E1 in the second trimester （β=0.734， 95%CI： 0.130‒0.752）， and had a possitive trend with E1 in the third trimester （β=0.744， 95%CI： -0.140‒1.629）. In addition， MEHP had a negative correlation with E1 in the second trimester （β=-0.498， 95%CI： -1.063‒0.066）. MEOHP had a positive correlation trend with E2 （β=0.628， 95%CI： -0.101‒1.356） in the third trimester. ConclusionPAEs exposure may interfere with estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy and differs by trimesters. Given the cross-sectional nature of this study， it warrants further study to validate the findings.

An assessment of association of thyroid volume with growth indicators and comparison of different thyroid volume indexes in school-aged children / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the association between thyroid volume and physical growth of school-age children, and to compare volume indexes of individual thyroids for reference of selection of assessment indicators.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All the students of the 12 classes of grades 3-5 at a primary school in Minhang district, Shanghai were rounded up with a multi-stage cluster sampling, for physical examinations to measure their height, weight, Body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA), followed by B-ultrasonography to measure their thyroid volume. Data of the measurements were calculated to learn their height corrected volume index (HVI), weight and height corrected volume index (WHVI), BMI corrected volume (BMIV), and BSA corrected volume (BSAV) individually. Their urine and salt samples were collected to measure iodine concentration in urine and salt. Individual indexes were studied for their association with the growth and development indexes of children.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thyroid volume data were collected for 485 students, including 258 boys (53.2%) and 227 girls (46.8%). Their height, weight, BMI and BSA were found to be positively correlated with their age (P < 0.05). For children of the same age group, their thyroid volume was also positively correlated with their physical development indexes. Of all the thyroid indexes, the difference between BSAV physical development factors had no statistical association (with partial-correlation coefficients for age, gender, height, and weight being 0.07, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.02 respectively), and their thyroid volume, HVI, BMI and weight were correlated to age, height and weight.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Thyroid volume was associated with age and weight. It was inappropriate to diagnose goiter with criteria of age, gender and thyroid volume. BSAV was recommended for its non-association with age, gender and weight and its stability.</p>

Detection and assessment of antibiotic and sex hormone residues in Eriocheir sinensis sold in markets in Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the antibiotic and sex hormone residue level in the Eriocheir sinensis sold in markets in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty six mitten crabs were collected through convenient sampling in Xuhui and Changning districts in Shanghai in 2014. The residues of 13 antibiotics (4 quinolones, 3 sulfonamides, 2 tetracyclines, 2 amphenicols, 1 macrolides, and trimethoprim) and 7 sex hormones (4 endogenous sex hormones and 3 synthetic sex hormones) were detected by the isotope dilution method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry in visceral organs and muscles of crabs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 7 antibiotics were detected in visceral organs or muscles of crabs, including 3 quinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin), 3 sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole) and trimethoprim. In visceral organs, the overall antibiotic detection rate was 32.1%, the maximum sum of mass concentration was 23.8 µg/kg, and the 75th percentile was 1.45 µg/kg. In muscles, the overall antibiotic detection rate was 39.3%, the maximum sum of mass concentration was 40.5 µg/kg, and the 75th percentile was 1.75 µg/kg. No sex hormones were detected in both visceral organs and muscles.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The antibiotic and sex hormone residue level in the Eriocheir sinensis sold in markets in Shanghai did not exceed the national standard, indicating that no risk was posed to human health.</p>