Effects of the photobiomodulation using different energy densities on the periodontal tissues under orthodontic force in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract To evaluate the impact of the GaAlAs diode laser with energy densities of 160 J/cm2, 320 J/cm2, and 640 J/cm2 on the periodontal tissues under continuous orthodontic force application and on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats with type-2 diabetes mellitus. The intensity of primary alveolar bone formation was also investigated through the immune-positive osteocytes for OPN antibody. Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups of 5 rats: normoglycemic (N), 160 J-laser-normoglycemic (160 J-LN), 320 J-laser-normoglycemic (320 J-LN), 640 J-laser-normoglycemic (640 J-LN), diabetic (D), 160 J-laser-diabetic (160 J-LD), 320 J-laser-diabetic (320 J-LD), and 640 J-laser-diabetic (640 J-LD) rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg monohydrated-alloxan. An orthodontic force magnitude of 20cN was applied. The laser parameters were continuous emission of 780-nm wavelength, output power of 20mW, and fiber probe with a spot size of 0.04 cm in diameter. Radiographic, histomorphological, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed after a period of 21 days. The photobiomodulation using the energy density of 640 J/cm2 strongly stimulated the alveolar bone formation and contributed the reorganization of the soft periodontal tissues, followed by the 320 J/cm2. Extensive alveolar bone loss, intense infiltration of inflammatory cells, and degradation of the PDJ tissue were mainly found in the D and 160 J-LD groups. The rate of orthodontic tooth movement was represented by the interdental distance between the cementoenamel junctions of the right mandibular first and second molars . This distance was larger in the diabetic groups (D: 39.98±1.97, 160 J-LD: 34.84±6.01, 320 J-LD: 29.82±1.73, and 640 J-LD: 35.47±4.56) than in the normoglycemic groups (N: 21.13±1.19; 160 J-LN: 22.69±0.72, 320 J-LN: 22.28±0.78, and 640 J-LN: 24.56±2.11). The number of osteopontin-positive osteocytes was significantly greater in the 640 J-LD (14.72 ± 0.82; p < 0.01) and 640 J-LN (13.62 ± 1.33; p < 0.05) groups than with D (9.82 ± 1.17) and 160 J-LD (9.77 ± 1.10) groups. Therefore, the energy density of 640 J/cm2 provided the best maintenance and integrity of the periodontal tissue microarchitecture under continuous orthodontic force when compared with the other dosages, mainly in the uncontrolled diabetic rats. The interdental distance was greater in the D and 160 J-LD groups due to presence of severe periodontitis caused by diabetes plus the mechanical stress generated by continuous orthodontic forces, implying, thus, an insufficient biostimulatory effect for the dosage of 160 J/cm2.

Terapias alternativas para o tratamento da estomatite por prótese total: modelo experimental in vivo em ratos / Alternative therapies for denture stomatitis treatment: in vivo experimental model in rats

A estomatite por prótese (EP) é uma condição multifatorial que acomete frequentemente usuários de prótese total e geralmente é relacionada com Candida albicans. Devido aos efeitos tóxicos da terapia antifúngica, novas terapias para EP são necessárias. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do extrato aquoso de Buchenavia tomentosa e bicarbonato de sódio frente a C. albicans em um modelo de EP em ratos. Material e Métodos: Um aparelho de resina acrílica simulando a base da prótese total foi fixado cobrindo o palato de 48 ratos machos seguido por indução da candidose. Os ratos foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=12): controle, bicarbonato de sódio, B. tomentosa e nistatina (controle positivo). Cada grupo foi subdividido de acordo com o período de tratamento; 24 horas (n=6) e 48 horas (n=6). Os animais foram sacrificados e os aparelhos foram removidos para contagem de C. albicans e análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Resultados: Após 24 horas de tratamento, observou-se redução significativa da contagem de C. albicans tanto B. tomentosa quanto nistatina (nistatina x controle, p<0,01; B. tomentosa x controle, p=0,03). Os resultados foram confirmados pela análise histológica. Conclusão: Tanto o extrato aquoso de B. tomentosa e o bicarbonato de sódio foram capazes de reduzir significativamente as contagens de C. albicans em modelo experimental de EP (AU)

Background: Denture stomatitis (DS) is a multifactorial condition that commonly affects denture users and is mainly caused by Candida albicans. Due to the toxic effects of antifungal therapy, new therapies for DS are claimed. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract of Buchenavia tomentosa and sodium bicarbonate against C. albicans in a model of DS in rats. Material and Methods: An acrylic resin device simulating a denture base was fixed covering the palate of forty-eight male rats followed by candidiasis induction. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 12): Control, sodium bicarbonate, B. tomentosa and nystatin (positive control). Each group was subdivided according to the period of treatment; 24 h (n = 6) and 48 h (n = 6). Animals were sacrificed and had their devices removed for C. albicans counts and SEM analysis. The palate mucosa was removed and processed for histopathologic analysis. Results: After 24 h of treatment, both B. tomentosa and nystatin groups reduced significantly C. albicans counts when compared to control (nystatin x control, p < 0.01; B. tomentosa x control, p = 0.03). The results were confirmed by the histologic analysis. Conclusion: Both the aqueous extract of B. tomentosa and sodium bicarbonate was able to significantly decrease C. albicans counts in an experimental model of DS (AU)

Alterações sialoquímicas e sialométricas de pacientes com paralisia cerebral: uma revisão de literatura / Sialochemical and sialometric alterations in patients with cerebral palsy: a literature review

TEMA: paralisia cerebral e alterações salivares. O paciente com paralisia cerebral é acometido por diversas desordens no Sistema Estomatognático, sendo muitas delas expressas sob a forma de alterações no fluxo e composição salivar. A variação da concentração de constituintes da saliva está diretamente relacionada com sua capacidade tampão, antioxidante, imunológica, digestiva e lubrificante, além de sofrer variações em função da velocidade do fluxo salivar, o qual está intimamente relacionado à eficiência dos estímulos mecânicos e neurais do trato salivar. Alterações na deglutição, da percepção gustativa, do processo de mineralização dos dentes e da propriedade protetora da saliva contra lesões cariosas, infecções e inflamações, freqüentemente observadas em pacientes com paralisia cerebral, podem ser avaliadas pelo exame da saliva. OBJETIVO: realizar uma revisão de literatura relacionando as principais alterações sialométrica e sialoquímica de pacientes com paralisia cerebral e seus efeitos na saúde bucal. CONCLUSÃO: a análise sialométrica e sialoquímica oferece informações extremamente úteis no diagnóstico e no direcionamento do tratamento desses pacientes, e pode ser considerada uma indicadora prática e objetiva dos processos de doença e disfunções.

BACKGROUND: cerebral palsy and salivary alterations. Patients with cerebral palsy frequently suffer from several disorders in the Stomatognathic System, many of them being expressed as alterations in the salivary flow and composition. Variations in the concentration of salivary components are directly related to their buffering, antioxidant, immunological, digestive and lubricant capacity, and vary according to the velocity of salivary flow, which is deeply related to the efficiency mechanical and neural stimuli on salivary tracts. Alterations in the swallowing function, gustative perception, mineralization of teeth process, as well as salivary protection function against caries lesions, infection and inflammation, which are frequently found in patients with cerebral palsy, can be analyzed through salivary exams. PURPOSE: this study aimed to perform a literature review related to the main sialometric and sialochemical alterations observed in patients with cerebral palsy and their effects on oral health. CONCLUSION: sialometric and sialochemical analyses are an objective and practical indicator of disease and dysfunction process and offer extremely useful information on the diagnosis and treatment referral for these patients.

Estudo comparativo das diferentes densidades de energia do laser arseneto de gálio e alumínio / Comparative study of different energy density gallium-aluminum-arsenide (ë = 780nm) laser irradiation in the periodontium of diabetic rats after orthodontic movement: Radiographic and histological and analysis

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) está aumentando de forma exponencial, adquirindo características epidêmicas em vários países, particularmente os em desenvolvimento, evoluindo silenciosamente e levando à várias complicações.Concomitantemente cresce a acessibilidade e adesão da população brasileira ao tratamento ortodôntico devido a modernização dos aparelhos ortodônticos, a conscientização por parte da sociedade das vantagens estéticas e funcionais deste tratamento e um aumento da exigência estética, com isso o tratamento ortodôntico em portadores de DM também aumenta, diante dessa questão, este trabalho buscou avaliar as alterações dos tecidos periodontais durante a movimentação ortodôntica com forças leves (20cN) em ratos diabéticos induzidos por aloxano, foi aplicado laser diiodo de Arsenato de Galio e Alumínio. Foram utilizados 40 animais divididos em 8 grupos: controle, ratos normais com aplicação de laser de 5J, 10J e 20 J, diabético, diabético com aplicação de laser de 5J, 10J, 20J, avaliados aos 21 dias de movimentação ortodôntica. Foi feita a análise quantitativa da movimentação ortodôntica mediante radiografias digitais e imunohistoquímica do PCNA e OPN. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a proliferação celular nos animais saudáveis foi maior do que nos animais diabéticos, reforçando a influência da diabetes na reparação tecidual durante a movimentação ortodôntica. Os animais saudáveis e diabéticos irradiados com densidade de energia 5J/cm2 exibiam maior porcentagem de células imunorreativas para o anticorpo PCNA quando comparada com os de mais animais irradiados, o que caracteriza a intensidade dos danos dos tecidos periodontais. Os animais saudáveis e diabéticos irradiados com densidade de energia de 20J/cm2 apresentavam maior movimentação ortodôntica e intensidade de formação óssea expressa pela OPN, preservando a integridade da arquitetura histomorfológica do periodonto

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is increasing exponentially, acquiring epidemic characteristics in several countries, particularly developing ones, quietly evolving and leading to several complications. Concomitantly the accessibility of the population and adherence to orthodontic treatment is growing due to modernization of orthodontic appliances, awareness bysociety of aesthetic and functional advantages of this treatment and an increase in esthetic, so, orthodontic treatment in patients with DM also increases, this paper will seek to assess changes in periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement with light forces (20cN) in diabetic ratsinduced by alloxan, diiodo laser aluminum and gallium arsenate was applied . We used 40 animals divided into 8 groups: control, normal mice with application of laser 5J, 10J and 20 J, diabetic, diabetic with application of laser 5J, 10J, 20J, evaluated at 21 days of orthodontic movement. Quantitative analysis was performed by orthodontic movementby digital radiographs and immunohistochemistry of PCNA and OPN.Considering the results, it can be concluded that cell proliferation inhealthy animals was higher than in diabetic animals, reinforcing the influence of diabetes on tissue repair during orthodontic movement.Healthy and diabetic animals irradiated with energy density 5J/cm2 exhibited higher percentage of cells immunoreactive for PCNA antibody when compared with other irradiated animals, which characterizes the intensity of the damage of periodontal tissues. Healthy and diabetic animals irradiated with energy density of 20J/cm2 had more movement and bone formation, expressing by OPN, preserving the architectural integrity of the periodontium