ABSTRACT
Although many individuals in Japan believe that the general compulsory education system in the United States is solely defined as 6 years for Elementary School, 3 years for Junior High School, and 3 years for High School this is not the case : there are a number of variations; moreover, the Federal Government requires that children undergo education up until 16 years of age. There is also an alternative to the traditional school structure, referred to as the “home schooling system”. Private colleges are generally approved by the state, and then undergo an “accreditation” process which is not an absolute requirement; however, for practical purposes it is socially required. This is because accredited schools and colleges may be allowed to offer student loans and provide documentation for student visas. The purpose of “accreditation” is to carry out the “self-evaluation process” and to obtain advice from a third party regarding the development of the organization. The operational systems in schools and colleges in the United States are not the same as they are in Japan. In particular, in the U.S. publicly owned not-for-profit organizations should be governed by the Board of Directors for the public benefit, and precisely for this reason the Chairman may not legally assume the positions of CEO and/or CFO simultaneously; the board members should be fairly selected from the public and should not consist solely of acupuncturists; and gender and/or racial discrimination is not to be tolerated. The mission and purpose of the school or college should be objectively and clearly delineated. The course syllabus should be objectively described in case students transfer to another institution. The Accreditation organization suggests the weak points of the College in detail in order to encourage the development of the College. The main fo-cus of the self-study and accreditation process is the governing system, each operational process, the educational system, and the financial condition of the institution. Although “accreditation” is an ideal system, it requires tremendous energy, extensive time, and financial resources. Simultaneously, a feed back system for each process or aspect of the institution is absolutely essential; however, the U.S. educational system is not always superior to the Japanese school system. The “accreditation system” may occasionally be over-influenced by popularity factors, especially in respect to the “student evaluation system”, that is the system in which the students perform evaluations of the institution.
ABSTRACT
Previously we reported that acupuncture to the stellate ganglion stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system as well as the sympathetic nervous system. We measured effects of laser acupuncture to the stellate ganglion (SGL) or electrical acupuncture to the same (SGA) on R-R intervals, deep tissue temperature and blood presure by using 45 patients; 12 in SGL-group and 33 in SGA-group.<br>Results are as follows; (1) Means of heart rate (HR) decreased with 2bpm in the SGL-group, 3bpm in the SGA-group. (2) Coefficient of variation (CV) of R-R intervals increased with 1% in the SGA-group only. (3) Deep tissue temperature of the ipsilateral anterior forearm of the stimulation did not increase significantly after SGA, while deep tissue temperature increased with 0.3-0.5°C after SGL. Deep tissue temperature of the contralateral anterior forearm showed no significant change in the both groups. (4) Systolic blood pressure increased with 2-4mmHg after SGA and 4-5mmHg after SGL, respectively.<br>It is suggested that SGL increases deep tissue temperature by affecting autonomic nervous system, but not directly.
ABSTRACT
We investigated changes of the amperage on the dorsalis by the hand acupuncture under the condition of DC 12 volt, 200uA when both electrodes are connected.<br>(Method) We leaved a stainless steel needle, 25mm lenght and 0.26mm in diameter, on the first lumbar and thigh region point of 16 healthy adults for 10min. 2×2cm aluminum foil coated with keratin cream was used as a elcectrode for the measurement. We measured in pre-practice, post-practice, 10min, 20min, and 30min. The measurement velues in every time were examined by means principal component analysis.<br>(Results) Acupuncture stimulation on the first lumbar and thigh region point showed the tendency of operation upon the symmetric L4resion.
ABSTRACT
We invented to clarify the influences of acupuncture on the regional skin electroconductivity on humans. An acupuncture needle in situ for a certain time or electroacupuncture using DC 12 volt, 200μA for 7 sec. was applied on the forearm.<br>Measurements of skin electroconductivity were done on several representative points which were distal or proximal to the acupuncture periodically.<br>A needle in situ and electroacupuncture on LI4 did not change the electroconductvity of the proximal skin area around the elbow level on the same extremity.<br>A needle in situ on LI11 increased electroconductivity of the regional skin on the distal area around Manus dorsalis.<br>Electroacupuncture on LI11 increased electroconductivity of the skin on LI5.<br>A needle in situ on LI7 did not change electroconductivity of the skin on the proximal elbow level, but significantly decreased electroconductivity of the skin on LU9.
ABSTRACT
It has been told that acupuncture to the stellate ganglion suppresses the sympathetic activity. By using 15 patients, we made measurements of electrical current of the skin at the 24 typical determinate points of Ryodoraku with a Neurometer before and after electrical acupuncture to the right stellate ganglion.<br>After 20min rest in the supine position, average values of 6 points of the right and left upper extremities decreased with 30% and 27%, and those of the right and the left lower extremities decreased with 34% and 31%, respectively.<br>Immediately after 30min of electrical acupuncture, average values of 6 points of the right and left upper and the right and left lower extremities increased with 9%, 12%, 17% and 9%, respectively.<br>Twenty minutes after the right stellate ganglion block, average values of 6 points of the right upper extremity decreased with 16%, and those of the left one, the right and left lower extremities decreased with 9%, 18% and 14%, respectively.<br>These data suggest that acupuncture to the stellate ganglion stimulates the sympathetic tone by showing increase of electrical conductivity of the skin, while the stellate ganglion block shows the decrease.
ABSTRACT
In order to clarify the physiological nature of the local differences in the skin electroconductivity we measured transcutaneous electric current on the representative (determinate) points of Ryodo-Raku (by Y. Nakatani) which correspond to so-called Genketu of traditional Chinese medicine with a wet electrode of 1cm in diameter in the condition of D. C. 12 volts and 200 uA when, both electrodes are directly connected. Eighty-two healthy adults were tested once and four other healthy adults were tested daily for eight days. We analysed mathematically the values of measurements by the principal component analysis.<br>As a result, we found that the electroconductivity of the skin in the upper and lower limbs both, and volar and dorsal sites of the upper limb changed independently each other and showed from rough to close interrelations according to the orders as above-mentioned.
ABSTRACT
It is said that Ryodoraku reflects the dysfunction of the autonomic nerve in spite of no objective evidence for the theory.<br>Using 60 patients received right stellate ganglion block, we measured 24 typical determinate points of ryodoraku with a neurometer and an electrodermometer.<br>With a neurometer, an average current value of 6 points of the right upper extremity decreased in 52% as well as that of 6 points of the left decreased in 62%. Both the right and the left lower extremities decreased in 91% and 85%.<br>With an electrodermometer, the average impedance of the right upper extremity increased in 108%.<br>Finally, the sympathetic blockade showed decrease in a current value with a neurometer and increase in impedance with an electrodermometer.
ABSTRACT
We made the electrophotography which is able to visualize the distribution of electroconductivity to the skin.<br>According to an electric quantity, reducing KI into iodine, we got a compound of AgI with galvanochemical response and took a picture of a galvanic skindistribution on it. We may be able to apply both the A. C. and the D. C. in power supply. In order to take a good picture of electroconductive points, we used 12V of the D. C.. In this case, an electric quantity was<br>3.6×10<sup>-4</sup>-4.8×10<sup>-3</sup>W.Min./cm<sup>2</sup>